Phenotype How a Gene Is Expressed As a Physical Trait

Phenotype is defined as an organisms expressed physical traits. Phenotype is determined by an individuals genotype and expressed genes, random genetic variation, and environmental influences. Examples of an organisms phenotype include traits such as color, height, size, shape, and behavior. Phenotypes of  legumes include pod color, pod shape, pod size, seed color, seed shape, and seed size. Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype An organisms genotype determines its phenotype. All living organisms have DNA, which provides instructions for the production of molecules, cells, tissues, and organs. DNA contains the genetic code that is also responsible for the direction of all cellular functions including mitosis, DNA replication, protein synthesis, and molecule transportation. An organisms phenotype (physical traits and behaviors) are established by their inherited genes. Genes are certain segments of DNA that code for the production of proteins and determine distinct traits. Each gene is located on a chromosome and can exist in more than one form. These different forms are called alleles, which are positioned on specific locations on specific chromosomes. Alleles are transmitted from parents to offspring through sexual reproduction. Diploid organisms inherit two alleles for each gene; one allele from each parent. Interactions between alleles determine an organisms phenotype. If an organism inherits two of the same alleles for a particular trait, it is homozygous for that trait. Homozygous individuals express one phenotype for a given trait. If an organism inherits two different alleles for a particular trait, it is heterozygous for that trait. Heterozygous individuals may express more than one phenotype for a given trait. Traits can be dominant or recessive. In complete dominance inheritance patterns, the phenotype of the dominant trait will completely mask the phenotype of the recessive trait. There are also incidences when the relationships between different alleles dont exhibit complete dominance. In incomplete dominance, the dominant allele does not mask the other allele completely. This results in a phenotype that is a mixture of the phenotypes observed in both alleles. In co-dominace relationships, both alleles are fully expressed. This results in a phenotype in which both traits are independently observed. Genetic Relationship Trait Alleles Genotype Phenotype Complete Dominance Flower Color R - red, r - white Rr Red flower Incomplete Dominance Flower Color R - red, r - white Rr Pink flower Co-dominance Flower Color R - red, r - white Rr Red and white flower Phenotype and Genetic Variation Genetic variation can influence the phenotypes seen in a population. Genetic variation describes the gene changes of organisms in a population. These changes may be the result of DNA mutations. Mutations are changes in the gene sequences on DNA. Any change in the gene sequence can change the phenotype expressed in inherited alleles. Gene flow also contributes to genetic variation. When new organisms migrate into a population, new genes are introduced. The introduction of new alleles into the gene pool makes new gene combinations and different phenotypes possible. Different gene combinations are produced during meiosis. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes randomly segregate into different cells. Gene transfer may occur between homologous chromosomes through the process of crossing over. This recombining of genes can produce new phenotypes in a population.

Summary of the chapters... - 2005 Words

The Joy Luck Club 1/6/03 Ch1 Jing-Mei Woo: The Joy Luck Club In this chapter we are introduced to the Joy Luck Club which originated all the way back in China when Jing-Mei Woo s mother Suyuan was in the city of Kweilin. At the Joy Luck Club a group of old Chinese women sit around and eat and after that they sit down in a table to play a friendly game of Mah-Jong. At the Joy Luck Club there are 4 major members, Lindo Jong, Ying-ying St. Clair, An-Mei Hsu, and Suyuan Woo. In the beginning of the chapter we learn that Suyuan has died and Canning Woo, Jing-Mei s father and Suyuan s husband has asked Jing-Mei to take her mothers place at the Mah-Jong meeting. In this chapter we learn of how Suyuan had lived in China and during the war†¦show more content†¦At the Moon festival she watches a play about the Moon Lady whom she takes as the real person but then realizes her own stupidity and leaves the festival and if finally found by her family. An important part of this chapter is how Ying-ying ends it with the words I wished to be found. T hose words to me tell me how she wants to be closer to her daughter and if granted one wish from the Moon Lady that would be it. Ying-ying doesn t like how her daughter is ashamed of her and has abandoned all of their Chinese traditions In the prelude to The Twenty Six Malignant Gates I found it amusing to see how the little girl like all young children are headstrong and seem to think they are impervious to the dangers of real life and she ignores her mothers advice until it is too late when she falls off the bike like her mother said would happen 1/8/03 Ch 5 Waverly Jong- Rules of the Game In this chapter we learn about Waverly s life and how her mother has taught her the art of invisible strength which has allowed Waverly to do well in life especially in the world of Chess where she became National Chess Champion at a very young age. 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Widowhood Case Study Free Essays

A quick review of the case study suggests the following central issues: The impact that a chronic illness has on a marital relationship, and the burdens of taking care of the spouse, the initial stages of grief and bereavement after their passing, the transition from having a long term partner, to widowhood, and the likely outcomes that the subject will experience during her transition from married, to widowhood, to single-hood. Impact of Chronic Illness on Marital Relationships Chronic illness in anyone family can have many impacts, not only on the person who is ill, but on the family and care givers as well. More importantly, it can affect children and spouses’ emotionally and physically. We will write a custom essay sample on Widowhood Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Clara’s case, there is a very high possibility that her relationship with her husband experienced a considerable change in relationship and sexual satisfaction. There have been studies done in the past that state, â€Å"Although spouses of chronic pain patients showed no more physical symptoms than spouses of diabetics, they reported significantly more pain symptoms that were related to elevated levels of depressed mood. † (Herta Florb, 2002) The depression felt because of her husbands chronic illness, is likely the reason why she pulled away from her family, and friends. She likely did not want them to see her in that state, and wanted them to think that she was strong, and could handle it. However, other parts of the studies have indicated that â€Å"not only is chronic pain associated with problems in the marital relationship but heightened distress and physical symptoms in spouses as well. † (Herta Florb, 2002) The effects are not so much the reality of a chronic pain problem, but instead a manner for paitents and spouses to cope with the situation. Burdens of care giving and the initial stages of grief and bereavement This leads us to the topic of the burden of caregiving. There is a large impact on ones emotional and physical well being. Women’s greater focus on the emotional side of the caring relationship and on reaching standards of what they consider good care, †¦this is â€Å"not to be confused with how much a spouse cares about her partner† (Connidis, 2010, p. 88). In the case of Clara, there is an assumption that she cared deeply for her husband, but was focused on his needs, and taking care of him, and this may have put great strain, on their marriage, because she may have felt a sense of disdain in the final days of her husbands life. Possibly blamed him for her being out of touch with her family, and friends, and not having circle of people around her to help take care of her during the initial stages of grief and bereavement once her husband passes. There are generally 5 main stages of grief that someone feels when dealing with a loss, however when going through a loss as large as that of a spouse, it is more likely that one will go through each stage in a more defined way. Shortly after the death, there is the Numbness denial – this is the feeling of shock and disbelief. Even though in Clara’s case she knew that this day would come, she still likely will have gone through this stage. The next stage is yearning anger – this happens when the main shock has worn off, and one would long for the lost loved one, and one may even feel a sense of anger and thinking that there could have been something more that coul dhave been done. Next comes emotional despair sadness- this is mostly a long period of tru bereavement. The point when the reality that that person, in this case Clara’s husband is truly gone. This brings one to the reorganization stage – this is when the widow will earn how to deal with practical businss of living, without your loved one at your side. This is also when the sun may start to shine a little more each day in ones life, and also a time when outside sources of support will likely be reeived with open arms. Lastly is the stage of letting go moving on. This is often when the sadness starts to fade into the background, and new interests take on importance. Experience of widowhood In the case of Clara, widowhood was not likely sudden, as it often is for elderly people. She acted as a caregiver for her husband who had a chronic illness, and likely was warned by doctors, family, and friends, to prepare her for his passing. Since Clara was restricted, from family and friends, by caring for her husband, she was likely the sole caregiver, her husband’s passing although saddening, may also have been seen by her as relief. â€Å"Caring for a departed spouse allows some widowed persons to anticipate their loss and to feel some relief in their death† (Connidis, 2010, p. 106). This relief may be seen as the beginning of her transition to single life. Transition into widowhood Becoming widowed can be a difficult and sometimes devastating life transition. â€Å"Because women remain much more likely than men to be widowed, widowhood is often considered a women’s issue,† (Connidis, 2010, p. 108). Based on psychological studeies that have been done, the initial stage of bereavment, can last anywhere from two to four years. This is generally seen as a period of mourning, and can be â€Å"characterized initlaly by profound psychological disorganization† (Connidis, 2010, p. 08) Often times, and possibly in Clara’s case, this is also an opportunity to rebuild relationships that may have been hindered during the state of spousal care, by leaning on family and friends during the emotional pain, grief, and loss, as well as slowly taking part in groups of people who had experienced similar transitions in their lives. A great defenition given by a widow is this: â€Å"Joan Didion (2005) describes the year after her husband’s death as one of magical thinking during which she felt invisible and understood only by others who were in the same situation. † (Connidis, 2010, P. 09) Outcomes Clara like other widows and widowers will experience a great influx of emotions and changes after the passing of her husband. Based on conversations that I personally have had with counselors who focus on loss, they encourage people to broaden their social circles again, once they have come out of the fog of the loss of their loved one. In many cases, family and â€Å"friends emerge as important network members in widowhood†¦widows are more likely than the married to consider a friend both a confidant and a companion, and friends occupy a larger portion of these networks among widowed persons. (Connidis, 2010, p. 114) As for Clara, perhaps her and her husband had children that had pulled away because of the long term illness of their dad and they may now be spending more time with their mother. If children are in the picture, Clara now has time to spend with her grandchildren perhaps. She may go out and join social groups, such as knitting circles, church groups, exercise groups for seniors, or even take on a volunteering position. These are all acts to assist her in getting out of the house. Assuming that Clara is now living in a large house all alone, perhaps she will move into a facility for seniors, where she can have her own apartment type living quarters, but also where there are activities that she can partake in with other widows, and widowers. Often when a parent becomes widowed, they will take up residence with the children; this will often be seen as â€Å"the parent helping the child out†, not the other way around. In Clara’s case, because she lives far away from her family, there is a high possibility that she will sell the home that her and her husband had resided in, and re locate so that she can be closer to her family. This will allow her to reconnect with her children, and grandchildren. This may however be a very hard move for her to endure, as she will be leaving behind friends that she may have had where her and her husband had lived. However, moving to a new place, with new people, and new activities will act as a fresh start for Clara. This could be a while new life for her to live, even at the age of 80. Many people still have lots of gumption in them, at that age, and are still looking for companionship, and to be loved. As can be found on a website for seniors, â€Å"The sex need to some people is romance, companionship, and closeness–often the need for actual sex is quite minimal. In other people the need is quite strong. When we lose our spouse, we lose our sexual partner and our feelings can be anything from the desire to shun sex for the rest of our lives to powerful needs, and anything in-between. Sexual feelings after being widowed are quite common and the feelings should not make us feel guilty† (Diehm, 2000) In closing, nothing can prepare anyone for the shock and grief of widowhood, even when we know it is impending. One of the myths of mourning is that is has an ending point, and that if we wait long enough, it will stop hurting. Unfortunately it doesn’t. As we have discussed in this paper, it is important to work through the various phases of grief and it will eventually get better, and we no longer allow it to paralyze us. The important thing is to live our lives to the fullest, and enjoy each day knowing that the person we have lost is with us in our hearts, enjoying each day that we live in their memory. How to cite Widowhood Case Study, Free Case study samples

A Sample Human Dignity and Racial Discrimination Act

Question - Explain why you believe that human dignity is a critical factor ? Answer - Introduction: The main principles of human rights are that all human beings have the freedom of speech and with equal dignity in their rights from their birth. Any kind of discrimination or even persecution on the aspects of race, sex or color and can be termed as a violation of this principle. This racial discrimination can be of the most severe type which may lead to the most brutal and institutional forms of racisms where certain racial or ethnic groups that are restricted from the freedom to any type of civil, political, economic, social and also cultural rights as the various other people of the society (Kateb G. 2011). The term race is defined as a sector of people who have a common ancestry but are different from others in relation to their physical appearance such as the color of their eyes, skin hair type, etc. In international law the term race is used often to distinguish between the different types of people the basis of their language, culture, religion, ethnicity and also their socia l groupings (Langford M. et.al 2013). The term racial discrimination can be defined as any restriction, exclusion or preference that is related to the terms of race, descent, color or origin which aims at impairing the recognition or exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social or cultural field of public life. Therefore racial discrimination is a major problem in the world toady regards to the human rights which include both the lesser section and sometimes even the majority populations. However this struggle the difficulties faced by the ethnic and racial conflict has continued over a long period of time which also faced the worst ethnic conflicts that the world ever experienced. Hence in the later paragraphs two main perspectives are explained in detail. The first perspective being that very individual has the freedom of speech which is very important and essential for protecting human rights. This is believed because if a person cannot speak freely then they will not be able to draw the attention of the world for fighting against the violation of human rights and dignity (Evans G. 2008). The second perspective explains that all human beings have equal rights to freedom from racial discrimination that cause any harm to the extent that they control an individuals freedom to participate in the society and also not to violate dignity and restrict the law. Perspective 1: This perspective of human rights focuses on the rights that people to seek, obtain and receive information about all the human rights and its violations. The states should make sure that the people are able to peacefully protest, circulate and also publicize the information and help in criticizing the failures of the government to protect and promote these human rights. In a democracy the rights to freedom of expression is extremely crucial as it helps in informing political debate of various information and ideas that are essential for public accountability and also in transparency in the government (Tasioulas J. 2012). This freedom of right of expression involves the freedom to give and take ideas without any state interference. The right to freedom of expression includes written and oral communications, media, public protest, broadcasting and commercial advertising. It also includes certain responsibilities and is restricted in many aspects. This includes the rights to communicate and express oneself in any form that include words, pictures, images and actions through demonstrations (Corradetti, C. 2012). This expression also protects different types of rights that include political expression which include comment on the interest of the public then also in the artistic expression and commercial expression that often raises the legal public debate and concern. Hence to make sure that this debate and freedom of expression is possible there should be the protection for the elements of a free press or media that also include protection of journalistic sources. There would be no meaning to the rights of free expression if they only protected certain types of expression. These limitations that are subjected to the right will protect both the popular as well as the unpopular expression which include freedom of speech. Hence the relation of free expression usually involves restrictions on publications and penalties like crimina lizing speech which required the journalists to reveal their sources and impose few disciplinary measures (Ernst. G. et al 2011). Therefore this freedom of expression also had certain limitations in carrying out its duties and responsibilities which were stated by the law and was necessary and proportionate so as to pursue legal aims that are in the interests of the nations security and also for the public safety. They also help in preventing disorder or crime in the society and also in the protection of health and morals. It also limits the right to protect the image of others which stops providing the information given by the authority to maintain confidence and impartiality of the judiciary as stated by Brems E. (2009). The perspective also argues that the use of human dignity beyond a basic extent does not always provide a very universalistic basis for judicial decision in this context. This states that the level of understanding the process of dignity requires within or across the various jurisdictions. Hence the meaning of dignity varies from jurisdiction to other jurisdiction and the role of human dignity is very essential in the development of human rights and not in providing a content to human rights but by also contributing to methods of human rights interpretation (Gardiner S. 2013). Many reports state that the government argues for an Asian concept of human rights (Etinson, A 2015). The research project also analyses the relationship of cultural values to human rights to provide equal bases for an appropriate appreciation of human rights in the context of Asia. Perspective 2: This perspective of human dignity highlights that every human being has a right to freedom from racial vilification as these can cause major offense even to the extent that they limit a persons freedom to be an active member in society and this is considered to violate human dignity (Crisp. R (2014). The main aim of this act was to explore the challenges that were made for the defenders of freedom of speech of expression by promoting racism through speech. It was clearly mentioned that this collection of the freedom of expression would also restrict the freedom to justify censorship in the interests of the racial inequality and to eliminate racial discrimination. It also highlights that any right to protect such behavior has its concern towards the interest of freedom because when there is racial vilification then people are subject to the torture and harassment which reduces the enjoyment of individual freedom (Henkin L 2009). This in turn has very serious health effects that can be seen for people with the racial vilification (Holder C (2013). The impact of racial abuse can create many physiological symptoms like fear, pulse rate going high and difficulty in breathing. Therefore too much exposure can also result in conditions like hypertension, nightmares, post-traumatic stress disorders and even suicides. It can also be said racism can also cause harm in the modern society because their identity is not because of what they are but also because of their own dignity which is shaped by the people around them. The people who are at the receiving end of the abuse feel more of anger and humiliation and of self re-approach. These victims of racial abuse although might try and resist it start to absorb the feelings of hatred and of inferiority and this in turn leads to the well meaning members of the society to start believing that the victims are not worthy of any form of respect or trust (Hayden P. 2001). There was a later development of a law that became inevitab le of the intellectual and emotional life which came into existence and also made it clear to the people that pain or happiness relied on the physical aspects of life. Many researchers also described how racism was unsafe especially at night or in public places. Hence it also helped in demonstrating the impact that racism had on freedom of speech and highlighted about the Australians that how they enjoyed their freedom to live on a daily basis. Therefore Cruft R. et al (2015) concluded that racism had an impact on the persons self perception in which people began to accept their own qualities of inferiority and how to get their way out in exercising their freedom in a more positive way. There are also few prohibitions that are related to racial discrimination which specify that it is unlawful in nature and they have equal and lawful rights for the access to places and facilities and also to other land, housing and other accommodations. They also have the rights to join trade unions. Therefore the Racial Discrimination Act of 1975 is amended as follows: Section 18C is repealed Section 18B, 18D and 18E are also repealed The following section is inserted. The Government Party Room this morning approved reforms to theRacial Discrimination Act 1975(the Act), which will strengthen the Acts protections against racism, while at the same time removing provisions which unreasonably limit freedomof speech. Therefore it is important to consider human dignity as a means to higher education institutions who continue to identify it as a key value of ethical issues that the students face and how they are often involved in appealing to human dignity and the religious connotations that have come to be associated within them. Nevertheless King J (2012) concluded that there have been many discussions for the concept of human dignity to be removed from ethical discourse as it is of no help. In other words it could be said that dignity is not useful when it leads to dignity talk and also when there is a disagreement about something human beings have to say or something that is seen through human activity where people think is really at a major risk. Also this theory explains the need for understanding human dignity that holds the value of the human person as a multi-dimensional, and who is faced with difficult moral choices through which he or she makes meaning in his or her life. This theory has both descriptive value in helping us to understand why people do certain things and also in helping us evaluate what should be done. The concept of multi-dimensional poverty acknowledges the fact that this concept should extend beyond the economic well being of every individual that also include other aspects like health, education, political and social dimensions and the other relevant issues which are highly important for the overall well being of an individual said Gilabert, P. (2011). Moreover, it will have to demonstrate that the concept offers something more to ethics than any of the individual features. To conclude this section, it must be affirmed that there is a problem. The way in which human dignity is frequently used in contemporary ethical discourse the rise of dignity talk is a problem because it means we are more often faced with unconstructive matches than with clear and constructive ethical statements. Conclusion The concept of human rights provides a framework for dealing with abuses and also in holding government responsible for them. It also refers to the theoretical and practical application of general human rights principles to the people and focuses mainly on the attention on discrimination and social exclusion. Therefore Finnis J (2011). It also recognizes the rights and draws concepts of loyalty by which it also attributes human rights abuse in all the settings of the persons freedom and equality. It also includes the rights to decent work conditions and freedom of association and derives it from universal and inherent human. References Brems, E., 2009. Human Rights: Minimum and Maximum Perspectives,Human Rights Law Review, Corradetti, C. (ed.), 2012.Philosophical Dimensions of Human Rights, New York: Springer. Crisp. R (ed.) 2014.Griffin on Human Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cruft. R., Liao, S and Renzo, M (eds.) forthcoming 2015.Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ernst. G. and Heilinger, J. (eds.), 2011.The Philosophy of Human Rights: Contemporary Controversies, Berlin: De Gruyter 2011. Etinson, A. (ed.), forthcoming 2015.Human Rights: Moral or Political?, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Evans, G., 2008.The Responsibility to Protect, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Evans. M. and Murray, R. (eds.), 2011.The African Charter on Human and People's Rights, 2nd edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Finnis, J., 2011.Natural Law and Natural Rights, 2nd edn., Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gardiner. S. 2013 Human Rights in a Hostile Climate, in Holder C and Reidy, D. (eds.), 2013.Human Rights: The Hard Questions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 211230. Gilabert, P. 2011. Humanist and Political Perspectives on Human Rights,Political Theory39: 439467. Hayden, P. (ed.), 2001.The Philosophy of Human Rights, St. Paul, MN: Paragon Press. Henkin, L., Neuman, G., Orentlicher, D. and Leebron, D. (eds.), 2009.Human Rights, 2nd end., New York: Foundation Press. Holder C. and Reidy .D. (eds.), 2013.Human Rights: The Hard Questions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jacobs. F. and White, R. 2010.The European Convention on Human Rights, 5th edn., Oxford: Clarendon Press. Joseph, S., Schultz, J.,and Castan, M. (eds.), 2013.The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Cases, Materials, and Commentary, 3rd edn., New York: Oxford University Press. Kateb, G., 2011.Human Dignity, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press King, J., 2012.Judging Social Rights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Langford M. et.al.(eds.), 2013.The Millenium Development Goals and Human Rights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Liao M. and Etinson,A. 2012. Political and Naturalistic Conceptions of Human Rights: A False Polemic?,Journal of Moral Philosophy9: 327352. Moyn S., 2010.The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Raz, J., 2010. Human Rights without Foundations in Besson, S., and Tasioulas, J. (eds.),The Philosophy of International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Schabas, W., 2011.An Introduction to the International Criminal Court, 4th edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tasioulas, J., 2012. On the Nature of Human Rights, in Ernst, G. and Heilinger, J. (eds.), 2011. The Philosophy of Human Rights: Contemporary Controversies, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter: 1759

How does the first two scenes support the quote that Romeo and Juliet are Star-crossd Lovers Essay Example

How does the first two scenes support the quote that Romeo and Juliet are Star-crossd Lovers Essay Throughout Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet fate plays a huge part, this usually involves Benvolio messing things up who ironically is the one trying to keep the peace. But it is the results of his efforts to cheer up Romeo which indirectly cause nearly every death in the play. Benvolios name derives from to Latin words, Bene which means to wish and volio which means well. Star crossd lovers refers to any lovers whose affection for each other is doomed to end in tragedy. It is a romantic but tragic phrase just like the play.The prologue confirms that they are Star-crossd lovers by setting the current situation and enlightens us about the family feud between the Capulets and the Montagues. The Two Households have had an ancient grudge which has lasted for generations. Do with their death bury their parents strife, the death of Romeo and Juliet is the only way for the two families to be in peace. The prologue is telling us that Romeo and Juliet are going to fall in love and cause even mor e trouble and hatred between the families, and that they are going to die which will end in the eventual peace between the two families. The love between them is going to end in death: Death-marked love. In my opinion it also appears that the only way Romeo and Juliet will find peace is in their death.The first scene starts with some male conflict between household servants from both families. The Capulet servants Sampson and Gregory are having a conversation in Verona and they express their hatred for the Montagues, including the Montague women by saying, A dog of that house shall move me to stand: I will take the wall of any man or maid of Montagues. Both sides seem to be more verbally than physically violent but, when a fight breaks out the Capulet servants turn out to be cowards.When Abraham questions Sampson about biting his thumb at him Samson denies it No sir, I do not bite my thumb at you, sir, but I do bite my thumb, sir. Benvolio, who is Romeos good friend and a nephew of Montague, appears and makes an attempt at keeping the peace which nearly works until ruthless Tybalt comes storming in and, seeing Benvolio with his sword drawn, automatically assumes the worse and a fight breaks out between them. Tybalts arrival causes the situation to escalate because he has such a strong hatred for the Montagues ..peace! I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee: The fact that Tybalt arrived when he did highlights the Star-crossd theme of the story. Although Benvolio had tried to part the two sides Tybalts arrival had put a stop to this.I think the name Benvolio has come from the word Benevolent which means kind, helpful and charitable which is a perfect description of Benvolios character that would much rather that there was peace between the two families: I do but keep the peace. It is only when the prince intervenes that the civil brawl stops and Benvolio and Tybalt drop their weapons. This is followed by a long speech from the Prince who tells both sides that if a fight breaks out one more time their lives would be taken If ever you disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of peace.The tension between the families makes the situation all the worse for Romeo and Juliet: both sides are very passionate about the family conflict and neither is prepared to give in. Neither Romeo nor Juliet is yet introduced but we already realise that any relationship between two people of such opposed families is doomed.Away from all the conflict, when Romeo is introduced the mood of the story changes and becomes a lot calmer. The scene involves Romeo talking about Rosaline a girl whom he has never met, whom he is in love with but whom has sworn to live a life of chastity Shell not be hit with cupids arrow. Romeo speaks of her very passionately although he has never met her which really reflects his personality. Romeos passion and ability to fall in love so quickly plays a big part in the story and keeps him and Juliet toge ther until their bitter end.In scene two Lord Capulet is talking to Paris who is a Kinsman of the Prince, Capulet speaks about Paris marrying his daughter Juliet. Capulet promises Paris that in two years time when Juliet is sixteen he can have her as his bride She hath not seen the change of fourteen years, let two more summers wither in their pride, ere we may think her right to be a bride. Capulet would be happy to see her marry into such a rich and noble family although Juliet has had no say in this arrangement although this is not what Paris has been taught to believe.It is purely down to fate that Romeo ends up going to a feast hosted by the Capulets. Romeo is approached by a Capulet servant who is unable to read an invite to the feast God gi god-en. I pray, sir, can you read? Romeo agrees to read it for him and in return the servant invites him to the party I pray, come and crush a cup of wine. Rest you merry! Romeo decides to go when Benvolio persuades him that other beauties of Verona will be there and that when he sees them he will realise that Rosaline is not so beautiful. Although the only reason he really wants to go is so that he can stare at her.I think Shakespeare cleverly grasps the audiences attention in scenes one and two by showing the tension and hatred between the two families. We are slowly prepared for the anguish which will be destined if two people fall in love from the different families. Therefore love and hate play a big part in this story. However it is fate that they should meet and be together as Romeo should never have been at the party and Juliet was promised to marry Paris. All the conflict builds up and leads to the tragedy of the Star-crossd lovers.

Difference Between Relative and Absolute Location

Difference Between Relative and Absolute Location Both relative location and absolute location are geographic terms used to describe the location of a place on the Earths surface. They are each unique in their ability to pinpoint a location on Earth. Relative Location Relative location refers to locating a place relative to other landmarks.  For example, you could give the relative location of St. Louis, Missouri as being in eastern Missouri, along the Mississippi River southwest of Springfield, Illinois.    As one drives along most major highways, there are mileage signs indicating the distance to the next town or city.   This information expresses your current location relative to the upcoming place. So, if a highway sign states that St. Louis is 96 miles away from Springfield, you know your relative location from St. Louis.    Relative location is also a term that is used to indicate a places location within a larger context.   For example, one could state that Missouri is located in the Midwest of the United States and is bordered by Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa. That is the relative location of Missouri based on its location within the United States.    Alternatively, you could state that Missouri is south of Iowa and north of Arkansas. This is yet another example of relative location. Absolute Location On the other hand, absolute location references a place on the Earths surface based on specific geographic coordinates, such as latitude and longitude. Based on the previous example of St. Louis,  the absolute location of St. Louis is 38 °43 North 90 °14 West. One can also give an address as an absolute location. For example, the absolute location of St. Louis City Hall is  1200 Market Street, St. Louis, Missouri 63103. By providing the full address you can pinpoint the location of St. Louis City Hall on a map.   While you can give the geographic coordinates of a city or a building, it is difficult to provide the absolute location of an area such as a state or country because such places cant be pinpointed. With some difficulty, you could provide the absolute locations of the boundaries of the state or country but most of the time its easier to just display a map or describe the relative location of a place like a state or country.

American War of Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American War of Independence - Essay Example For the measurement of success of any social movement, factors like skilful organisation, optimum use of resources and the identification of opportunities, are vital indicators. Although the United States is usually regarded as a nation-state, supporters of American exceptionalism may prefer to see it as a state bathed in the glory of its own unique light. The country clearly has a sense of national identity and history, Americans refer to an 'American people'. Thus, patriotism is prominent in public life. Nationalism is the appropriate and recognized term for the associated ideology and political movements, within the present United States, and during its history. That does not necessarily correspond with current usage of the term in American politics, or with the views of self-described 'American nationalists'. (Bradford, 1999) In this regard, the British were more corrupt in America during the 19th century than any other colony. They could have established a more urban society and structure in order to lull the Americans into a false sense of rest as a strategy to curb the rebellion. (Smith, 1898) There are no two same theories about when the United States became a nation-state, and developed a sense of national identity. Some historians think that the United States was already a nation-state at independence, others that this occurred during the 19th century, either before or after the American Civil War. The United States was formed from a group of colonies under the authority of the British Crown, each established and governed independently of the others. For most of colonial America's history, a colonist had a duty to the colony and to the Crown, but not to other colonies. (Bradford, 1999) This attitude changed noticeably when the colonies faced a common threat in the French and Indian War. The Albany Plan of Union, although unsuccessful, served as a reference for future discussions. Soon after, the colonies faced another common grievance over taxes enacted by the British Parliament. As the dispute escalated, colonists started to view the British administration as hostile, and sought cooperation with other colonies in response. This cooperation produced the Continental Congress and ultimately independence as a confederation. Ties between the states strengthened with the ratification of the United States Constitution. (Smith, 1898

Five educational technologies that will most influence teaching, Essay

Five educational technologies that will most influence teaching, students, and the classroom environment over the next ten years - Essay Example For example in 2009, the private institutions enrolled 3.7 million students and spent $ 22,514 per student while the public schools enrolled 7.7 million students and spent $12, 812. There is thus a great variation between the colleges therefore, driving the need for change to the future of higher education. Jackson also noted that there were increasing costs in education and student debts which raised much concern over the future of these institutions.2 Furthermore, these institutions are expected to produce individuals with skills that are relevant in the job market. Since most students enroll in public institutions, there is need to effect changes in those institutions to ensure efficiency and productivity. Information technology in this case, if incorporated in schools can play a great role in delivering the much needed change. The high demand for incorporation of IT in schools has been necessitated by the many challenges faced by educational institutions in a dynamic global envir onment. First, there is increased need of expanding the content of the curriculum to cope with the demands placed on education by the society. Education is expected to deliver more content due to growth of knowledge. There has also been tremendous growth in reasoning and critical thinking skills hence IT is needed. Due to increased diversity of students, the traditional methods of learning are proving to be incapable of fulfilling learner’s needs besides being expensive.3 Changes in the methods of teaching and how students learn are therefore needed and the only solution is to make IT more central to teaching and learning processes. There are various IT technologies such as use of personal learning environments, tablet computing, use of mobile devices, game-based learning, online learning, user generated learning among others. The paper will concentrate on the five educational technologies that will hold the most influence on teaching, students and the classroom environment o ver the next ten years which comprise of: learning centered design, user generated content, mobile devices, tablet computing and game-based learning. Education in the United States is based on a comprehensive system of elementary, secondary and higher education. Children below five years are enrolled in preschools after which they proceed to elementary school at age 5-7 to age 11-13. Secondary education begins at age 9-12 after which those who graduate proceed to graduate schools. The education system is decentralized hence the schools have a greater role in decision making process rather than relying on the state. It also means that the service providers have to ensure high quality education as they are held accountable by the parents as well the government.4 The U.S education system is dependent on the economic resources hence in case of economic downturns the impact on education is great leading to low enrolment levels and increased drop out rates. This is especially so for racia l groups and the minority groups who have less chances of enrolling in secondary schools.5 The secondary schools are divided into parochial, private, and public schools. The parochial schools are owned and funded by religious entities while private schools are owned and funded by private individuals or organizations. The public schools on the other hand, are funded by

What is, according to your critical evaluation of what has been Essay

What is, according to your critical evaluation of what has been written on the topic, the best way to motivate people at work(Human resource management) - Essay Example Thus, it is evident how important motivation is in the workplace as this affects the caliber of an organisation’s performance and ultimately, success. The employees are the greatest asset of any company and most often are the sole component that can set a company apart from its competitors. With proper personnel management that develops an empowered workforce, the competition experienced by virtually all industries can be overcome. Empowerment is defined as a means to allow employees to carry out decisions and a intrinsic drive to have accountability for one’s behaviours (Bowen & Lawler 1992, 1995). This implies that empowerment is an outcome of management and employee efforts. Corsuon & Enz (1999) note that contemporary research has focused on psychological empowerment, particularly on the phenomenology of the employee, whereas in the past, the concept has focused on decision making and delegation of tasks (Blau 1964) Thomas and Velthouse (1990) further defined the construct as an intrinsic drive apparent in four clusters. These are meaning, competence, self-determination, an impact; these mirror an employee’s evaluation and perspective of her job and role. The first cluster, competence, refers to the extent to which an employee can carry out activities with competence when he attempts to do so; it pertains to proficiency of a skill. On the other hand, meaning is the premium attached to an objective or a mission, which is evaluated through a person’s own set of values or personal criteria. Moreover, meaning is the match between one’s job and contribution to work on one hand, and the cognition, affect, and behaviours on the other. Empowerment allows for an increase in employee motivation because empowered employees see meaning in what they do and since the goals of the company are consistent with what they attach value to (Staples 1990). Self-determination pertains to having a sense of freedom in managing one’s

How Does The Media Influence Young Women?

How Does The Media Influence Young Women? There are many programs and magazines, such as Americas next top model and Seventeen magazine, that are watched and read by many teenage girls. These girls are insecure and want to be popular, handsome and well-liked. The young women are therefore easily influenced by the information they receive from the media. An average teenage girl hides herself using tons of make-up and beautiful clothes, because she is insecure about her outer appearance. Every morning she has to get herself prepared for the day. She decides to skip her breakfast, an extra hour of sleep, or even her first lesson. She takes a shower, puts on enough make-up and dresses herself well. These girls are influenced by the beautiful and perfect women, whose pictures are showed in advertisements and on TV. A variety of programs show us public images of how you should dress, look and act. The young girls wish that they are also perfect, with the perfect dress and with the perfect make-up; so that they are attractive to boys and that they look like the girls and women on TV. Well known make-up artists such as Rimmel London and Max Factor present their make-up with skinny girls, who have the perfect skin and the perfect look. So the question is, are they selling the product, the make-up, or are they selling the beautiful woman? The advertisements are indeed selling the product, but they are also selling the image of the ideal woman. They emphasize thinness as part of the females beauty. These women, who are on the covers of the magazines, serve as an example for the teenage girls. They also want to be thin, have big boobs, and a beautiful skin. These images affect the girls own self-image. Not only the models have a great influence on the girls, also the articles written in the popular teenage magazines have a great influence on the young women. The articles explain the girls about the ideal appearance. Articles like How to look attractive to boys and How to achieve the perfect look, hair and face are extremely normal. An article on the website of Seventeen magazine gives you the perfect example of such an article, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾New Makeup Promise to Boost Your Mood! This article is about a new make-up that promises to make you happy. It explains about the ingredients, such as Euphoryl, Murumuru Seed Butter and Theobroma Grandiflorum, whatever they are, and I am sure that girls, who read this article, think about buying this make-up, without realising if these ingredients really work! Outer appearance has become very important throughout the years for everyone, because of the media. They emphasize the importance of the physical appearance and that is the way advertisers sell beauty products such as day and night creams and make-up. Women and teenage girls therefore strive to achieve the ideal outer appearance presented by the media. They are not satisfied with their own body and are doing anything to become beautiful. Do you recognize these young women? I bet that almost two third of the teenage girls could be compared to the average teenage girl who has been influenced by the media. These girls are boring and not outstanding. Thus, the media should stop offering false information to young women about the perfect body. The media encourages the girls to have a negative self-image. In fact, a person who is fat and walks like a duck has probably a more beautiful personality than the other girls. Although these girls are not to blame, the media is. By writing an opinion column, I wanted to express my opinion about how the media influences young women, because advertisements, commercials, TV programs and magazines are all influencing the teenage girls by giving them false information. An opinion column should not be written in a particular style. As a columnist you are free to write in your own style, although it still has to be worth reading. So my first objective was to write a convincing opinion column that would be easy to read for most people. Therefore I didnt use many difficult words and tried to be convincing by giving the reader important information about the influence of the media. My second objective was to inform the people about the influence of the media on teenage girls. I explained the average, insecure teenage girl who can be easily influenced by beautiful models printed on the cover of the popular teenage magazines. As an example I described a daily morning of an average teenage girl. Every morning she has to get herself prepared for the day (paragraph 2). The girls strive for having the perfect face; therefore they skip their breakfast to prepare for school. To support my opinion about the influence of media I used another example. On the website of Seventeen magazine, an American magazine for teenagers, I found an article that was called: New Makeup Promise to Boost Your Mood! (see stimulus material). This article is about a special make-up that would make the girls happier. Young teenage girls are easily influenced by this text and by the convincing title, because the title makes a certain promise to you. The Happy Booster Glow Mood Boosting Blush and Face Powder by Physicians Formula promises to lift your spirits. Its the first-ever makeup line developed to stimulate happy thoughts through mood-enhancing ingredients, color therapy, aroma therapy, and texture therapy. Basically, it copies the effect of endorphins, aka happy molecules, which produce a sense of well-being. (Your body releases endorphins during exercise, which is what makes you feel great afterward.) Other ingredients include Euphoryl, which is an anti-depressant packed with Omega-3, as well as Murumuru Seed Butter and Theobroma Grandiflorum Seed Butter, which make skin feel silky-smooth and appear luminous. Finally, its blend of floral scents refreshes your mood. And how cute is this packaging?! All this happiness is contained in a heart-shaped plastic compact with a pink metallic base. It comes in a face powder (see above), blush, and bronzer, and each is a variety of overlapping different-colored hearts. So, the big question: can you buy happiness? For $11.95-13.95 at select drugstores, you just might come close!

Essay --

Vivian Nguyen Amicangelo 8Celtics 22 February 2014 JOSEPH STALIN Joseph Stalin was a man who many people had mixed feelings for. Some say he was a dictator and a tyrant, but others say that as a ruler, he shaped Russia and pushed it in the right direction. Both sides are correct, and there are many examples to back them up. Stalin did accomplish benefiting Russia‘s image, but he was a man who killed many. Stalin was born as Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (later became Joseph Stalin) on December 18, 1879 and his parents were Besarion Jughashvili (father) and Ketevan Geladze (mother). When he was young, his father, Beso, had beaten his mother and him several times. They had a troublesome marriage and often argued about Stalin’s future. His mother wanted him to be a priest because she thought he was smart, so she did everything to get him a good education. His father wanted him to be a cobbler, and said that since he [Stalin’s father] was a cobbler, Stalin would follow the family job and become a cobbler. Fortunately, Stalin‘s mother defeated her husband and she even humiliated him. Stalin ended up doing what his mother wanted-- for a while (Radzinsky 17-31). Stalin is a very interesting man who always changed how he thought of everybody (he also called himself Stalin because â€Å"stalin† means steel) (Montefiore 30 â€Å"Young Stalinâ€Å").He had a huge effect on Russia; in a bad way. When Stalin used to work with Lenin and Trotsky, it wasn’t a competition of who was the best and who should control the country of Russia, but then it all changed. After that, he got people to turn against them and got rid of t... ...lowing him. Another reason was identity. Napoleon only represented Stalin, and that really brought out his characteristics. Since Napoleon was meant to represent Stalin, all of Stalin’s traits, most of his bad deeds, and events occurred in the book. For example, in Animal Farm, Orwell made Snowball seem smarter than Napoleon, but made Napoleon more powerful. This is true in real life because Lenin was a lot more educated than Stalin, but Stalin ended up with the power (Radinsky 97) Although Stalin had been tyrannical and crazy, he made Russia seem stronger, and is still seen as a good person today. Many people look at him like he was a murderous person, but other look at him as the man who made Russia better. He was a great leader, in a way, but that only depends on what the Russians believed in, and whether or not they (or someone they know) worked for Stalin. Essay -- Vivian Nguyen Amicangelo 8Celtics 22 February 2014 JOSEPH STALIN Joseph Stalin was a man who many people had mixed feelings for. Some say he was a dictator and a tyrant, but others say that as a ruler, he shaped Russia and pushed it in the right direction. Both sides are correct, and there are many examples to back them up. Stalin did accomplish benefiting Russia‘s image, but he was a man who killed many. Stalin was born as Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (later became Joseph Stalin) on December 18, 1879 and his parents were Besarion Jughashvili (father) and Ketevan Geladze (mother). When he was young, his father, Beso, had beaten his mother and him several times. They had a troublesome marriage and often argued about Stalin’s future. His mother wanted him to be a priest because she thought he was smart, so she did everything to get him a good education. His father wanted him to be a cobbler, and said that since he [Stalin’s father] was a cobbler, Stalin would follow the family job and become a cobbler. Fortunately, Stalin‘s mother defeated her husband and she even humiliated him. Stalin ended up doing what his mother wanted-- for a while (Radzinsky 17-31). Stalin is a very interesting man who always changed how he thought of everybody (he also called himself Stalin because â€Å"stalin† means steel) (Montefiore 30 â€Å"Young Stalinâ€Å").He had a huge effect on Russia; in a bad way. When Stalin used to work with Lenin and Trotsky, it wasn’t a competition of who was the best and who should control the country of Russia, but then it all changed. After that, he got people to turn against them and got rid of t... ...lowing him. Another reason was identity. Napoleon only represented Stalin, and that really brought out his characteristics. Since Napoleon was meant to represent Stalin, all of Stalin’s traits, most of his bad deeds, and events occurred in the book. For example, in Animal Farm, Orwell made Snowball seem smarter than Napoleon, but made Napoleon more powerful. This is true in real life because Lenin was a lot more educated than Stalin, but Stalin ended up with the power (Radinsky 97) Although Stalin had been tyrannical and crazy, he made Russia seem stronger, and is still seen as a good person today. Many people look at him like he was a murderous person, but other look at him as the man who made Russia better. He was a great leader, in a way, but that only depends on what the Russians believed in, and whether or not they (or someone they know) worked for Stalin.

Asthma or a Chronic Inflammatory Disorder of the Airways

No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways—that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyper-responsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur. Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute broncho-constriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness.During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open . The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils.Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and enlargement of sub-mucous glands. Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy.This inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months  when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination.Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may ha ve one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications.An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication. In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition through information gathered from the patient's history, physical examination, measurements of lung function, and allergic status.Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, th e respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.

A Mid Summer Nights Dream Rep essays

A Mid Summer Night's Dream Rep essays If you like acting and plays, then you should read A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare. A Midsummer Nights Dream, as well as many other Shakespeare novels, is famous for its gradual but extensive character development, complicated plot, and interesting descriptions. A Midsummer Nights Dream contains all of Shakespeares tricks of story and character development. Shakespeare is even now considered the best playwright ever. He always used complex English to make his plays have artistic value; even though it was not the way people talked back then. Character development always plays an important role in a novel, play, or story. Shakespeare was recognized as the best there was at developing characters when he was writing his plays. Currently, he is still considered the best. He made his characters interesting by making them very realistic and human with problems and faults found in everyday common people. In A Midsummer Nights Dream, there is powerful character development just by what the characters say, since the whole play is dialogue. For instance, Shakespeare symbolizes that Bottom is a comical character by saying Methinks I have a great desire for a bottle of hay instead of a bundle of hay. Shakespeare also demonstrates Bottoms devotion to the theater by the way he always wants every part in the play Pyramus and Thisby. For example, Bottom is first developed as a common man, then shows his love for theater, next he is egocentric, then he feels powerful when Titania is in love with him. Bottom has a lot of character growth. Puck, on the other hand, does not have too much character growth. Pucks character tells us he is not too interested in love and he likes to joke around with mortals and love. Puck is also a comical character because of all the mistakes he has ...

Diffusion of Responsibility concerning Helping Behavior essays

Diffusion of Responsibility concerning Helping Behavior essays Deciding to help another human being in an emergency situation seems like a simple thing to do. We associatively interpret a persons willingness to help as an instinctive result of altruism or, alternatively, an act motivated by egoism and self-interest. Scientific evidence though, suggests otherwise. Social psychologists know that the question of bystander intervention is a complex one, involving the interplay of many factors. Bernstein et al. define helping behavior as any act that is intended to benefit another person. (Bernstein et al. 654). After decades of applying rigorous scientific methods to this investigation, we are now in the position to identify the reasons related to the failure or unwillingness to help someone in need. Some of these are dispositional factors referring to the personality traits of the individual, while others may be directly linked to the situation. Even characteristics of the victim affect our willingness to help. All the above, combined with the mod ern, urban way of life are only some aspects of the Diffusion of Responsibility phenomenon, termed by the Oxford University Press Dictionary of Psychology as a reduced sense of personal responsibility and individual accountability experienced in certain circumstances by members of a group, often leading to behavior untypical of any of the group members when alone. After numerous experiments, this phenomenon gained the authority of a scientific law, confirmed by several hundred replications over the last decades. As psychologists denote, human beings tend to feel that responsibility for acting is shared, or diffused, among those present. Consequently, the greatest the number of people who are present in an emergency situation, the less responsible one might feel and the less likely it is, after all, that the person will feel obliged to help. In the 1980s there was considerable interest in why people some...

Gender and crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gender and crime - Essay Example was â€Å"strongly related to rising unemployment and an increasing sense of despair among the groups, which finds expression or outlet through aggression and violence† and these crimes were dominant â€Å"in depressed and impoverished areas, such as council estates in the U.K since the late 1980s, often accompanied by new forms of crime such as ram-raiding, joy-riding and the rise of alcohol-induced brawling in towns and cities†( Edwards, 2006, p. 11). Thus, one can obviously come to the conclusion that crimes in U.K had been associated with masculinity as majority of the crimes in U.K was committed by males and the women were thought to be incapable of subjecting themselves to any violent crimes. However, one can notice that factors such as the emergence of new women liberation movements, growth in feminism and women empowerment have been instrumental in increasing criminal offences by women at an apparently a faster rate than offending by men since the 1960s. While criminology in U.K were always focussed on males crimes and offending towards the last two decades of the 20th century â€Å"female incarceration rates were sky-rocketing, leading to a surge in research on girls, women, crime, and the criminal justice system† and as the researchers have very well put it the war on drugs and the federal sentencing reform were the two factors that resulted in the incarceration of women (Miller, 2009, p. 246). Similarly, one can also notice that female Prisoner Population in England and Wales rose considerably in the 1970s to the 1970s. It is, therefore, imperative that there are more of extensive researches and studies on female offending in the U.K. It was Freda Adler who f irst argued that females crime rates have been on the rise in the late 1960s and the early 1970s. The researcher concluded that â€Å"women offenders were changing their patterns of offending to more ‘masculine’ styles, becoming more aggressive and violent; and that this was due to the growth of the

Principal Leadership Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Principal Leadership Development - Essay Example It is important for a leader to not only motivate others, but he needs to lead from the front so that his activities and his personality also encourage every group member to work harder (Higgins, and Duxbury, 2005). There has been a misconception that management and leadership are synonymous however it is wrong. Thus it would not be wrong to say that a manager is different from a leader in a number of ways (Goffee, and Jones, 2005). The responsibilities of a manager are different from the leader as the manager needs to deal with the complications and complexities and make sure that the strategies that have been formulated by the leader and implemented in the right manner. The other responsibilities of a manager include the activities of coordinating and staffing and last but not the least handling the everyday operations of the firm (Kellerman, 2004). For an organization, both these individuals are utterly important if were to operate optimally. Today when the world is growing at a v ery rapid pace, organizations need the services of both; leader as well as managers (Musselwhite, 2006). A leader is need to challenge the status quo inspire his surrounding environment to undergo the laborious process of change, and last but not the least go on to accomplish the goals which the leader has set out to accomplish through his vision (Kaplan, 2006). To complement the role played by a leader, a manager is required who could formulate a detail plan, create efficient organizational structure and oversee day-to-day operations of the organization (McCrimmon, 2010). role I would like to hold within next few years In light of the above mentioned background, I believe I have in me leadership qualities which I would like to use when given a chance by my practical life. In this regard, the position that I would like to have in the next five years is that of a technical engineer. This position should farther make way for the position of a Manager and leading a team of engineers in the following next two to three years. I would like to occupy these positions an organization that offers something related to my engineers. Right now I am employed as a Superintendent Survey however my role as a Technical engineer would entail searching for strong and profitable business models and assess their future environment and at the same time make sure that things are done in the right manner. After learning the art and science of technical knowledge and how things are done, I would make come up with a proposal for changes in how things are done for the senior advisors of the firm so that they could deliberate over my proposal. If they find my analysis as a worth pursuing opportunity, then they can pass my proposal along with their recommendations to the top management or board of the firm so that they could take the final decision. In the position of technical engineer, as mentioned above, my job would not only be to do the work or things that are assigned but come up wit h changes for the organization and for that I would make a proposal. This proposal needs to be as informative as it can so that the senior management and advisors can use the information contained in the proposal to conduct appropriate analysis. This proposal should contain all the information that would be used by the senior advisors to build appropriate models with regards to the future earning prospects of the

Mgmt 4420 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mgmt 4420 - Essay Example The impact of global pressures on the talent can include a drop in employee engagement, destruction of company reputation or brand, acute shortage in workshop productivity, delayed retirement, and organizational restructuring. Uncertainties create problems Employee turnovers increase and the pressure to reduce costs emerge on the horizon. However, these responses do not consider the long-term consequences. For businesses to survive given the global external pressures, innovations are necessary and the keys to innovations are the talent. In other words, global pressures require innovations for companies and firms to survive the pressures. At the same time, talent management is key for the required innovations for business survival. Some of the key questions that become more important in talent management are as follows: Clearly, the above questions are the key questions in managing the talent. Good talent management will enable the firm to position itself for survival, advantage, and growth. Good talent management that enhances positioning for survival imply workforce rightsizing, labor cost optimization, improvement in operational efficiency, and doing the basics. Good talent management that promotes positioning for advantage should imply measures that promote accelerated innovation, creation of new operating models, upgrading of critical skills, talent acquisition, flexibility in strategy, and rapid engagement and alignment. Finally, good talent management that results to positioning for growth should imply the following: Thus, talent management is a strategic imperative for business firms (Lubitsh and Smith, 2007, p. 6). The discussion of Cheese et al. (2008) is consistent with what we have discussed in the course. Talent management is about retaining the best talent. We have to selectively retain the talent we need. We ought to fire some if a talent does not have a good fit with the business organization (Hedger, 2007, p.

Rise and Decline of the Witchhunts Essay Example for Free

Rise and Decline of the Witchhunts Essay The Reformation era was a time of great change in Early Modern Europe. Sixteenth and seventeenth century Europeans were attempting to make sense of the frightening events that were happening, such as the Black Death and famine. To find meaning in a world that seemed in constant chaos, early modern Europeans looked to find patterns that would set things right. â€Å"The Reformation would not have happened if ordinary people had not convinced themselves that they were actors in a cosmic drama plotted by God: that in the Bible he had left them a record of his plans and directions as to how to carry them out. † The Reformations brought a new direction of faith, where one had to be more active in one’s own salvation. They also brought a profound sense of the fear of hell, and this directed much of the actions of the reformed. The Reformations were a catalytic force in the rise of the witch hunts during sixteenth- and seventeenth- century Europe because they brought a new emphasis on the fear of the devil, a new direction of faith that required personal accountability and brought a sense of guilt to the one that felt they were not doing as they should, and did away with the familiar tokens and practices of magic that characterized an aspect of pre-Reformation, early modern European religion. The Reformations also contributed to the decline of the witch hunts as theology evolved during the time period to include an awareness of the sovereignty of God as well as Biblical literalism. The Reformations contributed to the development of the witch hunts in several ways, the first being a new emphasis on the fear of the devil. In terms of the Protestant Reformation, this was not necessarily a contradiction to former Catholic beliefs of demonology, as Catholics had an awareness of the presence of the devil. It was simply a new heightened fear of the devil and his influence in the world. â€Å"Although the great reformers did little to change traditional Catholic demonology, they did tend to emphasize the presence of the Devil in the world and exhibit a more profound fear of him.† Catholic theology incorporated the presence of the Devil, but did not adopt the concept of diabolical power. However, during the Counter-Reformation, Catholics became just as diligent in expressing this fear of the Devil. â€Å"Catholic priests often matched their Protestant colleagues in convincing their parishioners of Satan’s omnipresence and in raising their fears of him. They could also be equally effective in encouraging them to campaign ceaselessly against him.† This awareness of diabolical activity for both the Protestants and Catholics was a new phenomenon, and it was a beginning phase in the persecution of witches during the Reformation era in that witchcraft came to be viewed as the work of the Devil. Along with this new emphasis on the danger of the Devil and diabolical temptation was an emphasis on one being active in leading a morally conscious life and being responsible for one’s own salvation. â€Å"Instead of merely encouraging conformity to certain standards of religious observance (such as attending church), the reformers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries instructed the people to lead a more demanding, morally rigorous life.† Personal sanctity became the new means for one’s salvation. A side effect of the emphasis on personal piety was a deep sense of sin that people sought to relieve in any way possible. Naturally, one of the methods of relief was projection of guilt onto another person. A person regarded as a witch often took the brunt of that projection during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. â€Å"[I]n sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England, many accusations arose when individuals refused to provide economic assistance to people who needed it and who came to one’s door asking for it. In denying this aid, which both Catholic and Protestant moral teaching enjoined, the person naturally felt guilty, but by depicting the unaided person as a witch and therefore as a moral aggressor unworthy of support, he could rid himself of the guilt he was experiencing.† Projection of guilt on to the witch eliminated the responsibility of the pious person to cope with it, as the witch was seen as someone practicing morally dubious acts. The traditional blend of pagan forms of magic and religion in Europe came under attack during the Reformations, which changed the methodology of early modern Europeans. In the opinions of the reformers, this was an effort to teach people the true Christian faith and proper forms of worship. â€Å"One of the main purposes of this instruction was to purify the faith by eradicating superstitious beliefs and practices, eliminating vestiges of paganism and suppressing magic (the great rival of true religion) in all its forms.† In the minds of the reformers, anything that was not expressly from the Bible was not true. Furthermore, a belief in anything not found in what was believed to be the direct word of God, the Bible, was a sin. â€Å"Those persons who sought to use objects for purposes which nature could not justify were guilty of idolatry, superstition, and at least implicitly of soliciting the aid of the Devil.† This contributed to the witch hunts in that it took away the usual forms of protection that those who believed themselves victims of witches were accustomed to, such as using the sign of the cross or holy water, as the reforme rs considered these to be external tokens that distracted one from true communion with God. â€Å"When that happened, the victims of witchcraft could easily have been led to the conclusion that the only way to deal with witches was to take legal action against them, thus leading to an increase in the number of prosecutions.† The prosecutions of those suspected of witchcraft was a new direction for dealing with a familiar problem, brought about by the societal shifts that the Reformations brought to early modern Europe. Just as the Reformations contributed to the growth of the witch hunts, they also contributed to their decline. This can be attributed to such things as the Protestant emphasis on the sovereignty of God and Protestant Biblical literalism. The Protestant view of the sovereignty of God made the idea of the Devil’s diabolical power a heresy, as this implied that the Devil had power equal to that of God’s. â€Å"The insistence upon God’s sovereignty led a number of Protestant writers and preachers to deny the Devil’s ability to produce certain types of marvels, such as hailstorms, and this fostered a scepticism toward maleficia that involved such wonders.† To the reformers, God’s sovereignty not only meant that the Devil did not have equal power to God’s, but that he was under God’s control. â€Å"And therefore let us mark (as experience also shows) devils may work many illusions by enchantments. And truly such things are not done in the dark. For as long as we are enlightened by God, we need not fear that a man shall seem a wolf to us, or that such trishtrash shall get the upper hand of us.† This evolving theology changed the view on the diabolical power of the Devil through witches in that God’s power began to be viewed as absolute and God’s word as absolute truth. Protestant reformers’ focus on Biblical literalism contributed to the course of the witch hunts in that the Bible contained very few references to witches, and none to devil-worship. The Bible also gave evidence of the restraints that God placed on the Devil’s power. â€Å"Calvinism may have encouraged people to engage in an incessant war with Satan, but it also encouraged them eventually to define exactly what he could do and to adopt [a] purely spiritual view of him.† Therefore, the previously held belief in the diabolical power of Satan, and the fear of the Devil, were virtually eliminated. The Reformations brought great change to early modern Europe – a new direction of faith, a new sense of the fear of Hell, a new emphasis on personal responsibility for salvation, and the elimination of magic as an aspect of life. These changes drove an increase in the witch hunts as early modern Europeans sought to make sense of the changes the Reformations brought by recognizing the witch as an instrument of evil rather than a practitioner, a projection on to the witch of their own guilt for sin, and the removal of magic as a familiar token of comfort when attempting to cope with their surroundings. Likewise, as the Reformations caused an increase in the witch hunts, they added to their decline as the reformers introduced the sovereignty of God which took away the diabolical power of the Devil, and the acceptance of the Bible as a literal instruction manual where mention of witches and worship of the Devil was virtually absent. Works Cited Calvin, John. Sermon on Deuteronomy (1550). In Witchcraft in Europe 400-1700: A Documentary History, Second Edition, by Alan Charles and Peters, Edward Kors, 267. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. Levack, Brian. The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Third Edition. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2006. MacCulloch, Diarmaid. The Reformation: A History. New York: Penguin Books, 2005. Thomas, Keith. Religion and the Decline of Magic. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1971. [ 1 ]. Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation: A History, (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 550. [ 2 ]. Brian P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Third Edition (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2006), 112. [ 3 ]. Ibid, 114. [ 4 ]. Ibid, 114. [ 5 ]. Ibid, 115. [ 6 ]. Ibid, 117. [ 7 ]. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1971), 256. [ 8 ]. Brian P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Third Edition (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2006), 118. [ 9 ]. Ibid, 128. [ 10 ]. John Calvin, Sermon on Deuteronomy (1555), in Witchcraft in Europe 400-1700: A Documentary History, Second Edition, ed. Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peters (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001) 267. [ 11 ]. Brian P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Third Edition (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2006), 129.

Reflection | Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG)

Reflection | Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) This reflective essay describes my experience in achieving my learning outcomes pertaining to care of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), giving feed through PEG and administration of medicines through PEG that I have taken as part of the Overseas Nurse Program. It flows as a reflective practise as it incorporates the concept of learning. According to Bolton (2010) reflective practise involves utilising practical values and theories which influence everyday actions, by examining contemplatively and unreceptively geared towards developmental insight. Therefore, experience only does not lead to learning but deliberate reflection on the experience is essential. Consequently, to further discourse my understanding and involvement with this concept, I have adapted on a certain framework of reflection. I have chosen David Schon’s Model of Reflective Practise to reflect on my experience. I directed this framework on my experience because it enables me to recapture the events in a manner where learning occurs during the process of experiencing handling patients with PEG, gaining insights from them with the application of the theories and concepts I know and building new perspectives and understanding of doing things in relation to PEG. Schon’s model (1983) is focused on two major concepts, reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action. In the reflection-in action activity, reflection happens while in the act of doing the task (cited by Killion and Todnem, 1991). Reflecting-in-action requires me to think on my feet, be able to work instinctively by drawing on similar experiences to solve problems or make necessary decisions. It invol ved looking to my experiences, connecting with my feelings, and attending to the theories and principles in use. It entailed building new understandings to inform my actions in the situations that were unfolding. Whereas in reflection-on-action, it requires looking back on what one has accomplished and reviewing the actions, thoughts, and product (cited by Killion and Todnem, 1991). As I am working in the medical unit, I was assigned together with my mentor in one of the patients in the unit who has percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) surgically clasped on her abdominal area. As we entered the room to do PEG care, specifically changing the PEG dressing on a new one I was confronted with a different practise from what I used to do back in my home country. She told me that in United Kingdom normal saline is used to cleanse the PEG site instead of antiseptic solution. And now this is where the reflection-in-action came into play. Instead of insisting what I think was the best practise for me (using antiseptic solution for disinfection), I stood up and followed what my mentor told me believing that what she knows is within the standard of practice within United Kingdom. When I tried to engage myself in performing changing the PEG dressing, I tried to think on my feet and did the principle of disinfection using normal saline. I needed to reflect to ensure that this will not happen again. In another incident where reflection-in-action occurred that became my second learning outcome happened when we have to give a feed through PEG. All the while I was expecting an asepto syringe to be used to deliver the feed to the patient but to my surprise my mentor got this special set attached on what she called a Kangaroo pump to deliver the feed at a desired rate and paced time (at that time for 12 hours). It was my first time to encounter this method of administering a PEG feed to a patient. What I did was to stand back and observe how my mentor did all the attachments from the Kangaroo pump up to the PEG tube, but rather than just standing I offered my mentor if she can supervise me on how to enter the transcript (total volume, rate and running hours) on the pump which she gladly did to me. I was really surprised with the whole process and needed a reflection to establish my competence with this new process of giving PEG feed to patients. In the last incident that happened that became my third learning outcome transpired during administering medicines via PEG. I was caught off guard with regards to the preparation of medicines to be given to the same patient who got a PEG. We are giving an Aspirin dose for this patient and all we’ve got in the medicines cupboard is an enteric-coated form of this medication. Knowing that enteric-coated tablets should not be crushed when administered, I immediately asked my mentor if we can request to the pharmacy an effervescent form of Aspirin. And that’s where reflection-in-action occurred wherein I have to think of a solution on how not to breach the standards of safe medicines administration in the United Kingdom. Instead of crushing and giving it to the patient, I asked my mentor about an alternative solution to address our needs for the medicines administration. In that way I was able to think on my feet and learned something out of the experience. According to Schon’s model what I felt when those incidents happened was part of the learning process. Schon (1983) gives further information that the practitioner allows himself to be surprised, puzzle or confused in a certain situation which is unique or uncertain to him. He reflects on the event before him, and on the prior considerations which have been imbedded in his attitude. He conducts an experiment which allows him to formulate both a new understanding of the situation and a change in the situation. After all the incidents that transpired during my clinical placement in relation to my three learning outcomes, I have done a reflection-on-action in every learning outcome that I have identified. I made researches on them and took my time to recall the series of events that transpired and based the lapses I made on evidences I have come across during my reflection process. In this way, reflection-on-action was evident. On the first learning outcome, I have observed a different practise back in my home country cleansing the PEG site. We use chlorhexidine in cleansing the PEG site instead of just plain normal saline but after finding evidences about which is safe and efficient in usage, I was fully convinced that normal saline has a better concept ground than chlorhexidine. Sibbald et al (2000) emphasises that although chlorhexidine has been identified as less harmful to tissues and have effective antibacterial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria causes damage to new tissues and should not come close to meninges and mucous membranes for it will cause permanent damage. This concept is applicable with my patient as there is an open mucous membrane where the PEG was inserted and exposure to chlorhexidine would increase the risk of microbial invasion and growth, which may precede to sepsis. Furthermore, the work of Sibbald was strengthened by Edmonds et al (2004a) and Jacobson that physiological saline is a widely recommended in irrigating and wound dressing solution since it is found to be compatible with human tissue. Thus, the practice of using normal saline in cleansing the PEG site was evidence-based practice and I have fully get an excellent grasp of why normal saline is used for PEG care. In this way, I am ensuring patient safety and embracing better understanding of evidence-based practise. On the second learning outcome, I have also witnessed a different way of giving PEG feed to our patients in our home country. We have bolus tube feeding rather than continuous tube feeding using a Kangaroo pump. Aside from observing each time a PEG feed will be given to the patient during my clinical placement, I also did researches on the efficacy of continuous feeding via pump and differences of using a pump from bolus feeding. I have done this in order to develop my competency in using the Kangaroo pump and giving continuous PEG feed to patients. Abbott Laboratories NZ Ltd (2011) gives further information that pumps continue to use microprocessors that allow the delivery of controlled enteral feeding. Its array of flow rate selection gives incremental increases in delivery which is very essential in critical care settings where low infusion rates are vital in maintaining the integrity of the gut and where maximising the feeding volume are fairly balanced. On the contrary, Bankhead et (2009) matched that gravity feeding is considered as the first-line delivery of enteral feeding in some countries but the Dieticians Association of Australia (2011) slashed the idea of Bankhead et al and proved that the usage of enteral feed pumps is now known as the most accurate way of enteral feeding provision across all healthcare settings and patients. Also, I have found out that using Kangaroo pumps instead of asepto syringe in delivering feed to patients lessen complications associated with giving feed to patients via abdominal ostomy tube. Niv et al (2009) found out that established benefits have been shown to prevent aspiration in critically ill patients. Furthermore, the jejunum produces fluid in conjunction to hyperosmolar solutions, and rapid delivery of a hyperosmolar formula will lead in hyperperisitalsis, diarrhoea and abdominal distention. Thus, a more controlled delivery to the intestine via continuous pump infusions can lessen or prevent these symptoms. On my third learning outcome, medicines administration via PEG has many aspects but the one that got me on my feet was about my competency in giving the right drug, specifically its form and preparation. According to Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) ‘As a Registered Nurse or Midwife you are accountable for your actions and omissions. In administering medication you should think through issues and apply your professional expertise and judgment in the best interests of patients.’ As I have recalled what I did when the incident happened wherein I immediately asked my mentor if we can request to the pharmacy an effervescent form of Aspirin since enteric-coated tablets should not be crushed when administered, I considered the best interest of the patient. As a professional nurse I have a duty of care to my patients in ensuring their safety under the sphere of my care. I need to follow what is appropriate and right for the patient. Also, my mentor was able to practise with in the scope of her practise as she was able to directly supervise me in everything that I did with the patient. The Department of Health (2005) stressed that as a Registered Nurse you have a duty of care and are professionally and legally accountable for the care you provide. In line with the administration of the appropriate form of medications to be given to the patient, the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) has developed protocols for medicine management on the area of tablet crushing. It stipulates in the policy that nurses should not crush any medicines or break capsules that are not specifically indicated for that purpose and by so will alter the chemical properties of the medicine. Thus, as I have reflected with what I and my mentor have done is fitting and legally right. The reflection-on-action that happened to me on the three learning outcomes gave me the opportunity to evaluate my competency and efficiency as an overseas nurse on adaptation program. Prior to my reflection, I have never realised how crucial it is to do PEG care, administering medicines through PEG and giving feed through PEG until I experienced the three incidents that changed of how I do and view things in the clinical field. According to Schon (1983) when a practitioner becomes aware of a situation he sees to be unique, he perceives it as something already found in his range. The familiar situation acts as a standard for the unfamiliar one. With regards to strengths and areas of development, I believe I was able to achieve a certain level of competency in carrying out procedures related to PEG. The learning outcomes I and my mentor identified have helped me to improve myself in terms of skills, knowledge and attitude. After the reflection process happened, I was able to build my confidence in performing procedures related to PEG. I also need to be at ease with operating the Kangaroo pump although I was able to familiarise myself with the process of hooking the PEG feed on the pump and setting the rate and dosing of the feed in the equipment. It was complicated at first but after the reflection process and supervision of my mentor, I was able to get through and learned operating the pump appropriately. Medication administration through PEG has provided me with new perspectives on how to establish a process in checking the medicines to be given and how critical thinking will help me in my decision-making and if I was able to observe the six rights of medication administration. As a future plan, I need to project competency, professionalism and efficiency in everything that I do be it with the patients or other allied healthcare workers who are part of the organization. It is essential for me to maintain the standards of my profession as it will mould me into a competent registered nurse of United Kingdom. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2010) highlighted that ‘All nurses must act first and foremost to care for and safeguard the public. They must practise autonomously and be responsible and accountable for safe, compassionate, person-centred, evidence-based nursing that respects and maintains dignity and human rights. They must show professionalism and integrity and work within recognised professional, ethical and legal frameworks.’ In a nutshell, reflective practice became the backbone of my learning outcomes in relation to PEG. It provided me with basis in which area needs to be improved and enhanced. Reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action are learning processes that guided me to evaluate my decisions before and after the incidents happened. These incidents gave birth to learning and turned to acquisition of new knowledge and concept that became an enriching experience for me.