Keats and the Senses of Being: Ode on a Grecian Urn (Stanza V) Essay

Keats and the Senses of Being Ode on a Grecian Urn (Stanza V)ABSTRACT With its focus on the pathos of permanence versus temporality as human aporia and on the function the Werksein of the work of art genuinely encountered, John Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn is a particularly compelling subject for philosophical analysis. The major(ip) explications of this most contentiously debated ode in the language have largely focused, however, on various combinations of the poems stylistic, structural, linguistic, psychological, aesthetic, historical, symbolic, and intellectual-biographical elements. My paper articulates a bona fide philosophical approach to the odes magnificently controversial fifth stanza (the one containing the Urns declaration Beauty is truth, truth beauty). I demonstrate how William Desmonds metaphysics of Being-specifically his analysis of the univocal, equivocal, dialectical, and metaxological senses of being-affords the groundwork for a hermeneutics of the in the midst of that elucidates the odes culminating stanza with all of the cogency and nuance that one would expect to derive from a systematic ontology.In what ways are philosophy and literature inversely elucidating? More specifically, how can a systematic metaphysics serve as a vehicle of insight into the way that literary art renders, in solution as it were, ontological truths that orchestrate our experience of the ideal? Id like briefly to address these questions by considering the concluding stanza of John Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn in terms of four complementary ontological keys. These four senses of being the univocal, the equivocal, the dialectical, and the metaxologicalare the heart of a compelling ontology detailed by William Desmond in... ...n the unformed, undifferentiated, prelinguistic news show that leaves the Du free and stands together with it in reserve where the spirit does not manifest itself but is. (I and Thou 89).BibliographyBuber, Martin. I and Thou. Trans. Walter Kaufmann. New York Scribners, 1970.Desmond, William. Being and the Between. Albany SUNY P, 1995.Heidegger, Martin. The Origin of the proceeding of Art. Poetry, Language, Thought. Trans. Albert Hofstadter. New York Harper, 1975.Keats, John. The Complete Poems. Ed. John Barnard. 3rd ed. London Penguin, 1988.Stambovsky, Phillip. The Depictive Image Metaphor and Literary Experience. Amherst, MA U of Massachusetts P, 1988. Myth and the Limits of Reason. Amsterdam and battle of Atlanta Rodopi, 1996.Stillinger, Jack, ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Keatss Odes. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1968.

Diversity in Video and Computer Games :: Technology Entertainment Essays

Diversity in Video and Computer Games Ever since the Pong and Atari 2600 consoles became commonplace items in the American household in the 1980s, depiction games have been part of the world culture. One may be ch every(prenominal)(a)enged to find a college dorm room without at least one (if not all three) next generation movie game systems. Yes, video games are common methods of entertainment among college students regardless of race. So it seems logical that, since the games are played by all races, they should have content featuring all races, right? Well, thats what Im here to examine.Violence and Gaming Up to this point, the majority of research based on video games was directed toward the two major concepts of gender and violence. The existence of violence in games is not up for debate from Donkey Kong throwing barrels and Pac-Man eating ghosts during the conduct of home gaming, to samurai Samanosuke slicing up demons in Playstation 2s Onimusha ser ies, violence has been prevalent in gaming. In fact, a study claims that, on average, 89% of video games include violent content (Children Now, 2001).The question is how does the violence affect young players? There are two rival camps with opposing viewpoints on the matter of media violence. One, and arguably the more vocal of the two, states that violent content is likely to make the viewer/player act out in violent ways. The other claims that violence in games acts as a catharsis, thus preventing violence on the part of the user. Research on this aspect of video games, and in fact all media, has been conducted as broad as the technology has been in existence (Dominick, J.R. (1984). Video games, television violence and aggression in teenagers.). As of yet, results have been inconclusive.Gender in Gaming deep down the gender-based subset, most research involved the roles of women within the games, or quite possibly the lack thereof. In the often-referenced artic le An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior, Tracy Deitz (1998) found the portrayal of women in games to be somewhere between negligible at best, and harmful to the perception of females at the very worst.

What is the Meaning of Freedom? :: What Does Freedom Mean?

freedom is often spoken of in what female genitals be referred to as a loose whiz of the word. One country has more freedom than another a twenty- ane year old has more freedom than a fifteen year old. What incisively does this word mean? For different multitude it whitethorn mean different things, but thither has to be an equilibrium that can be reached in tell apart to determine the meaning of freedom itself. In one form, freedom can mean that a person has exemption from an obligation.* If only the root (free) is looked at, it can be interpreted that one is not on a lower floor the control or power of another.* However often the latter definition is used, it is also disagreed with, and for good reason there is always a ruler, although the ruler may not necessarily be in the form of a person or group of persons. Take, for instance, the human body. It consists of basically three things, as far as ruling powers are concerned prudence, will, and desolate appetite. Raw appeti te can be looked at as what we ware without reason, will is what can control raw appetite (or desires that we have without reason), and prudence is that which provides a choice between will and raw appetite. Prudence has the ability to guide between the two options. This is just one example of how a ruler must always exist, although it may not have a physical form.pickings this into consideration, the meaning of freedom can come along be explored. Perhaps it can be defined as having the liberty to choose who/what the ruler is to be. For, since nothing can exist without having some form of rule, if sight are not permitted to choose what the ruling factor is, then that would not be considered having freedom.What is the Meaning of Freedom? What Does Freedom Mean?Freedom is often spoken of in what can be referred to as a loose sense of the word. One country has more freedom than another a twenty-one year old has more freedom than a fifteen year old. What exactly does this word me an? For different people it may mean different things, but there has to be an equilibrium that can be reached in order to determine the meaning of freedom itself. In one form, freedom can mean that a person has exemption from an obligation.* If only the root (free) is looked at, it can be interpreted that one is not under the control or power of another.* However often the latter definition is used, it is also disagreed with, and for good reason there is always a ruler, although the ruler may not necessarily be in the form of a person or group of persons. Take, for instance, the human body. It consists of basically three things, as far as ruling powers are concerned prudence, will, and raw appetite. Raw appetite can be looked at as what we have without reason, will is what can control raw appetite (or desires that we have without reason), and prudence is that which provides a choice between will and raw appetite. Prudence has the ability to choose between the two options. This is j ust one example of how a ruler must always exist, although it may not have a physical form.Taking this into consideration, the meaning of freedom can further be explored. Perhaps it can be defined as having the liberty to choose who/what the ruler is to be. For, since nothing can exist without having some form of rule, if people are not permitted to choose what the ruling factor is, then that would not be considered having freedom.

Ballad of Birmingham :: Ballad of Birmingham Essays

ballad of Birmingham         In the poem Ballad of Birmingham, by Dudley Randall, written in 1969, Mr.Randall uses of irony to describes the events of the mothers decision, and alsoher concern for the welfare of her darling little child. It seems anomalous that thischild would even know what a granting immunity march is, but this would be considerednormal back in the early 1960s, when Mr. Martin Luther King Jr. had rallies andfreedom marches to free the African American people from discrimination andsegregation (Hunter 6). It also seems very ironic that the young child is actinglike an bad in this particular situation (Hunter 12). I think the mother wouldbe the one who would want to got to the march to free her people, not the child.In the poem Ballad of Birmingham, by Dudley Randall, written in 1969, Mr.Randall uses tone and irony to describe the events of the mothers decisions, andas well as her concern for her childs well being.   & nbsp                    In the first stanza irony is use in order to makereading the poem more interesting. The situation in this first stanza is alsovery important. The little child is in a desperate situation and wants to helpbetter the lives of the African Americans. Randall also focuses on specificculture here. The speaker is allowing the reader to make a mental double of onespecific march in Birmingham (Hunter 17). But, you know as well as I, that withpeace marches and rallies comes violence and hostility. This is exactly what thelittle girls mother is afraid(predicate) of, this is why she will not let her go to themarch. It also seems weird that her mother is so sure that going to church,instead of going to the march, will be the best thing for her. (Hunter 19-20).Typically, a church is to be a very safe and sacred place where no-one wouldimagine a bombing or any(prenominal) other type of violence t o happen. What is ironic aboutthis is that going to church turns out to be the worst place for her to be(Hunter 21). Something else that strikes me funny is that her mother dresses herin her daughter in her best clothes to go to church with her. What is ironichere is that she ended up wearing them to her funeral instead (Hunter 26). Thereis also a shift in dialogue here in the fifth stanza(Hunter 27). Here thenarrator starts to take over. The narrators tone shows the reader the pride and

Differences between The Birds the Movie and The Birds short story Essay

The BirdsThe Birds, the movie was directed by Alfred Hitchcock and was based on the short theme The Birds written by Daphne du Murrier. If you would have read the book and then watched the movie, you would cypher that precise few things are the alike. In both the short story and the movie flocks of gulls, robins, crows, and sparrows join each other. This is really weird because different species of birds never realise together. The story and the film both have the same climate. It is cold and chilly the ground is frozen and it will be a black winter. The climate gives the versions of the story a creepy and suspenseful feeling. Each version also has the main characters boarding up the windows. Anyone who thought the birds wont attack are commonly found dead, but in the movie they are found with their eyes pecked out. Also, both the story and the movie have REALLY bad endings They arent very similar, but they both leave you hanging. When you see a movie or read a book you want t o know what happens to the main characters. In these two, you didnt get an ending. They left you hanging and for some people that ruins it all. The birds attack in the same way also. They put in through the house, peck at the windows, and try to come through the doors. They succeed in coming through upstairs in both the film and the short story.The short story and the film have the same plots and the same conflict ...

Marketing and Company Culture Essay -- Analysis, Deshpande and Webste

This paper explores the various aspects of marketing and company assimilation and how both are interrelated within a functioning organization. Specifically, focus will be placed on the definition of company close, the definition of marketing, how company husbandry and marketing are related, implementing both effectively, and finally a discussion of companies with excellent cultures. First, in order to have a complete understanding the relationship between marketing and company culture, one essential know how company culture is defined. According to Leo Sin and Alan Tse, Corporate culture has been defined as patterns of shared values and beliefs over time which progress to behavioral norms that are adopted in solving problems (295). Additionally, Debra Nelson and James Quick define organizational (corporate) culture as, A pattern of basic assumptions that are considered validated and that are taught to new members as the way to perceive, think, and feel in the organization (556 ). Furthermore, company culture is important because it facilitates higher efficiency, communication and collaboration between employees (Sathe, 9). In summary, the culture of an organization describes and determines how an organization and its employees will function in various situations.Beyond a definition of corporate culture, one also needs to demeanor at how a company functions from a marketing perspective. According to the American Marketing Association, Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at spacious (1). It can be seen clearly from this definition that marketing cannot be contained to merely advertising or a str... ...appos is another company recognized for a groovy culture and customer service. They have concentrated on maintaining the customer-centric view by pushing their marketing budget into developing customer se rvice oriented culture and employees (Mickiewicz, 1). Both organizations have an understanding of the necessity of employee development and taking the viewpoint of the customer as Richard Drucker suggests.Through this research it can concluded that company culture not only affects and defines the company and the employees but marketing strategy as well. Furthermore, it would be beneficial to marketers and company executives alike for additional research to be conducted just about how marketing can drive company culture and vice versa. However the empirical evidence of the numerous companies that already demonstrate excellent corporate culture and strategic marketing.

Biopure Case Study Essay

The key issue is to determine when Oxyglobin should be introduced to the grocery store without jeopardizing Hemopures probable and how it should be marketed.In addressing the issue, the following were considered a aesthesia analysis for potential consumption of different price series, associated revenues and be, and gross profit from different distribution methods.It is recommended that Biopure1. Introduce Oxyglobin immediately at a price of $century to veterinarians. 2. Have an independent gross sales force distribute the product to maximize profits. 3. Advertise Oxyglobin in both veterinarian journals and trade shows. 4. Establish a thriving brand to launch Hemopure in the future. 5. Oxyglobin should be advertisedBased on other Massachusetts companies initiatives that have non gotten FDA approval in the last some years, it is safe to assume that it is a possibility not to get the approval or to be given the approval rather late as it happened to Baxter. Further, the potent ial dip in the stock price if Hemopure were rejected can be avoided if the company acts quickly and takes advantage of a market that currently has no disputation the living creature blood substitute market. Obtaining market share is critical now that Biopures Oxyglobin has been approved. Biopure has a chance to be the beginning(a) player to enter this market and recover its research and development costs within two years.Even when Biopure was primarily focused on developing a human blood substitute, the opportunistic development and later approval of Oxyglobin, an animal blood substitute, is a valuable opportunity that has to be considered. breaks A and B place potential demand (1995) at 3.9 million units for uncritical cases and 0.35 million units for critical ones. Further, shew C shows the probability of consumption in units after factoring in the probability that veterinarians and pet owners would evaluate Oxyglobin at different price series. The table shows that at $100 a unit, Oxyglobin would be used in 81% of critical cases and in 28% of noncritical cases.Hemopure, the human blood substitute, was only about to enter the third phase of the FDA clinical trials. Only because Oxyglobin and Hemopure are almost identical in physical properties and appearance, it does not mean that they cannot be priced differently. There are currently different medical products and services for humans and animals that are differently priced. Exhibit 8 from the case shows that real few veterinarian procedures are priced over $100. In contrast, a human blood transfusion is priced above $1500 without insurance according to the Houston Memorial Hospital.Hemopures market consists of people who lose blood in large quantities like in accidents, gunshots. And and aging population (double of what it is today by 2030) in need of Red business line Cells to treat certain conditions like chronic anemia and acute blood loss. Launching Oxyglobin at a low price would not necessarily give an unrealistic price expectation for Hemopure because human health care is far more expensive than animal care. Additionally, the emerging and growing necessity for blood substitutes impart yield great demand in the following years which will translate to higher selling prices for Biopure, all things equal.Despite the fact that Baxter International launched the first human blood substitute, HemAssist (presumably priced between $600 and $800), Baxter Internationals and Northfield Laboratories blood substitutes rely on outdated human blood as a source of haemoglobin which is more expensive than Biopures raw strongs (bovine blood) at $1.50 a unit. Moreover, their products need to be frozen until used, while Biopures products are shelf-stable at room temperature. This makes Biopures products more advantageous because buyers can save money on refrigeration costs as the company makes a higher profit because of their raw materials lower price.In terms of production, Biopure has c apacity to produce only one product at a time, namely, an annual capacity of 300,000 units of Oxyglobin or 150,000 units of Hemopure or some linear combination of the two. On the other hand, Baxter has a production capacity of 1,000,000 Northfields capacity is at 10,000 units per year, which is considerably less than Biopure. According to Exhibit D, potential demand for Oxyglobin alone priced at $100 is 1.3 million. Biopure does not have any competition but cannot supply that level of output presently, which would potentially parent prices as demand skyrockets once the product is introduced in the market.Biopure conducted two surveys that showed customers willingness to try the product at a higher price depends on the gravity of the emergency. Exhibit E shows that by selling the product at $100 a unit, $137 million can be generated in revenue, which is more than the revenue that can be obtained when selling it at any other price. This has to do with the probability of consumption a nd its correlation to the gravity of pets situations in general.Veterinarians have expressed their frustration with current animal blood distribution. Biopure has two options distribution options National-Regional-Local and Independent Sales Force. Comparing distribution costs from Exhibits F and G, it is clear that going for the independent sales force mount Biopure can more than reduce costs by half. Distributing the product (at $100 a unit) with the NRL option would cost around $41 million as distant to $18 million with independent sales distribution.Exhibits H and I show that the highest gross profit attainable is $120 million when using an independent sales force and pricing Oxyglobin at $100 a unit for veterinarians. These and all exhibits show that Biopure should launch Oxyglobin immediately and recoup the $200 million developing costs in only two years.

History of British Empire Notes Essay

History of the British pudding st single leading to the establishment of the commonwealth This work contains information ab come out the British empire compared to the roman type imperium than compared to the Spartans. This shows who do b=worse things and was it worth going through all of that if their Empire is not the best? My work also contains certain opinions(mine and my dad) and tan some extra information about the commonwealth, what they do and whos involved in it. I say that that British Empire changed the world the most because their economic system of rules and schoolhouse system means they had technology and money to build army and navies in Rome could only dream of. How invariably the British got their political and uprightness system from the popishs and Rome in the day had great economic power. The sun never sets on the British EmpireIs a well-know saying about the British Empire because there was a lot of colonies around the world which meant it was daytime som ewhere in the Empire. The British Empire covered the largest land area ever ruled over by one nation, this involved over 166 countries. The British Empire began around the 1700, even though there is no longer considered an pudding stone it still has a vast commonwealth network (this means that there are still some colonies that still believe in the British Empire) However, the Roman Empire lasted over 1,000 age and stretched from Britain to the Middle East. Much of the building technology of the Romans were adopted by the western world and are still used today. 2,000 years later. The Romans had much less of advanced tools to work with and the longer length of the time they was an empire.There are many good and bad points about the Roman Empire but what shocked me the most was that they took over neighbouring countries in their plan to take over the world they tried to do this through violence and destruction. They would use scandalous slaves and animals as entertainment this woul d involve blood and violence. This would be held in the Colluseam. They also had massive amounts of slaves and killed hundred thousand during their conquest. The Empire wasnt all that bad, considering the Empire was so big there had to be harsh and inhumane things to keep control of it. But things like the gladiatorial games werent necessary as without the slave the Roman Empire wouldnt have been as successful and prosperous as they were. I think that the slaves deserve a lot of credit in fashioning the Empire a success, even though what the Romans done to them were harsh and despicable. If I was to compare the Roman Empire to the Spartans, really the Roman Empire would be known as what they done would have been common at the time as the Spartans put a whole race into slavery and never let one of them rise above being classed as a slave.The Romans was quite cruel as they would torture slaves, child molestation, rape, poison and incest slaughter, this was just some of the things the y would to the slaves compared the British Empire which invaded countries, changed most of their original cultures, once used privateers(pirates that were authorized by the government) would be used to plunder enemy ships during war and encouraged the colonies even in the States to do the same. So I have compared the British Empire to the Roman Empire who was then compared to the Spartans and to conclude my research i believe that we should be noble the British Empire as we was much more civilised and didnt go over the top in attempting to take over the world impertinent the Roman Empire who would put people/slaves through the worst things to try to succeed in taking over the world. Just to make things clear the Spartans was far worst as they put a whole race into slavery and thats all they would be. I asked my dad if he is proud of the British Empire and he said At the time they brought allot of civilisation to many places that lacked in it, in different countries they helped bui ld rail roads, postal services, and religion. Than I asked him if he was proud of it now, he repliedYes because nowadays we have strong, economical and commercial ties with the common wealth countries I dont think my dad was too confident(predicate) about the bad points but apart from that it was clear that he is proud of the British Empire because of how much it has helped the world today. The coalition government has set out a vision to strengthen the commonwealth as a focus for promoting democratic values and development. There are 54 independent sovereign states in the commonwealth. The commonwealth are a group of countries working in the same direction to promote the common interest of their people and promotion of global understanding. social status of the commonwealth is voluntary , it is 63 years old, it has 54 member states which together comprise over 2 billion citizens. Her majesty the queen is head of the commonwealth, membership of the commonwealth does not bring wi th it contractual obligations rather members commit to a series of statements of believes established by heads of government. The priorities and programmes of the commonwealth1.Good offices for peace- strengthen democratic processes and institutions 2.Rule of law- promoting the rule of law is seen enhancing democracy, good governments and development across the membership 3.Human rights- aims to assist members in the adoption and implementation of international human rights 4.Economic development-to assist developing countries to improve their understanding of international trade rules and regulations and to help them strengthen their negotiations within the world trade organisation. 5.Environmentally sustainable development- the commonwealth brings together industrialised countries with significant greenhouse gas emissions. 6.Large emerging economies- famous energy production and some of the poorest and the most vulnerable economies. 7.Human development- the commonwealth works tow ards the millennium development goals and is partially active in education, gender and health.

Cinderella Not a Love Story Essay

A very common fairy tale that we have grown up hearing is the tale of Cinderella, a poor girl whose dreams of marrying a prince and living happily ever after, finally comes true after many years of wishing upon a star. Individual writers of the Cinderella story may alter the story, but the general concept is always the same. This classic story has been told to millions of baberen and is known as a great romance. A romance is say to have suspense, anticipation, and a deep connection between the two characters that have and/or are falling in love with each other, and Cinderella is none of those. Cinderella is a great rags to riches story, but it is far from a romance.Cinderella is a 17 to 22 year old girl that suffers from an abusive home life. The abuse Cinderella suffers from is mainly verbal however, some things in the story could defiantly be considered physical abuse. The abusive is inflicted by her two step-sisters and her step-mother. Since Cinderellas mother died when she w as a small child it is assumed that she looks to her step-mother for approval the way young girls look to their mother for approval. Depending on the version of Cinderella you read her father is either dead, or he is a wishy-washy man who does not protect her from her step-mother and step-sisters. Do to the abusive living environment, Cinderella is looking for a way out, like any young girl would be, that is required to do all the house hold chores and is treated poorly. When Cinderella hears slightly the ball she wants to go, but deep inside her she knows that she will not be allowed. In Charles Perraults Cinderillon a fairy godmother appears, that helps Cinderella in going to the ball. Cinderella knows that if she makes a good impression on the prince that he may want to marry her, which would give her a way to trajectory her horrible living environment.In Perraults and may other version of Cinderella the prince and Cinderella dance until midnight they do not engage in any conv ersation nor do they kiss. They only simple of affection here(predicate) is that the prince does not allow anyone to cut in there dancing. When the clock sticks midnight Cinderella leaves quickly because all the fairy godmothers magic is about to wear off. Cinderella accidently leaves behind a codswallop slipper. If Cinderella didnt lose the glass slipper the story would be over. That does not show true love. The prince vows to marry the women the glass slipper fits. Its hard to believe that in the whole kingdom that the slipper wouldnt fit anyone else.A few things to think about here are what would have happened if the slipper did fit another and what if the slipper was not left. It is hard to believe that the prince loves Cinderella if he cannot recognize her without the glass slipper fitting her foot. In modern day that would be like saying that ones husband cannot recognize her without her makeup on. If you love someone to the point that you want to role your life entire life with them then you should be able to recognize them regardless of minor changes such as dressed-up or just through with(p) rolling in the dirt.

Culture Area/Region Essay

Quebec is Canadian province found in the central part of the country. It is a unique region in the country as it has the still preponderantly french-speaking people, wherein the official row is French. It is Canadas largest province in terms of land area, and is the second most populated province (Historical Foundation of Canada, 2008). Because of this, the region possesses a very interesting and distinctive culture. It has distinctive culture because of several factors.These factors, including language ties and religious ties, are the main reasons which take a leak kept Quebec a tightly plain stitch place. Quebecs Language Ties The time period during which Quebecs language ties were established was from the end of 1960s to the 70s. In the f every last(predicate) of 1969 the National Assembly of Quebec issued the Bill 63 which aims to promote the French language all over the region. The bill as well promoted the teaching of French language even in English schools, as good giv ing the immigrants the chance to learn the language by offering them French classes.Through this, the immigrants are able to blend in or integrate into the Quebec environment (Belanger, 2000a). There was however, a problem which came with this Bill. Instead of promoting the language, it seemed that it was guaranteeing all of Quebec the right to choose the language of instruction for their children. This is because it gave the people the liberty of choice, especially of parents, to send their children to English schools. This is against the linguistic policy for promoting French, which the local Quebecers agreed upon.So, as the number of Angloph angiotensin-converting enzymes (English-speaking) and Allophones (a mother tongue other than English or French) increased rapidly in Quebec, the dominance of the French language was potentially threatened. This was also in line with the rapidly decreasing number of Francophone (French-speaking) Quebecers being born each year (Beaudin, Boudr eau, & Benedetti, 2006). Because of the result of this Bill, there was a need to study the status of the French language in the province, and come 1974, the Bill 22 was issued, making French their official language.Bill 22 was passed and was adopt by the National Assembly of Quebec in 74, making French the official language in Quebec. The government supervised the application of the Bill, and mandated that all of the public institutions submit had to address the public administration in French, making it the official language in contracts, forcing corporations to change their names into French names (Belanger, 2000a). Schools during this time were stipulation the freedom of choice for any of the language to be used for instruction, but the entrance to English schools are nevertheless for the children who had a prior knowledge of English.This means that all the Anglophones would be able to go to these English schools. This assured the coexistence of French and English languages, yet maintaining French as the official language. At present, nothing can take exception the preeminent French language in Quebec, as it is one of their defining characteristic of their distinctive culture. Every people of Quebec share the objective of preserving and developing their French culture, and one way is to preserve their French language. The language has become the language of the public, using it to communicate with everyone, all over the province.The number of bilingual Francophone, Allophone, and Anglophone Quebecers has increased end-to-end the years, enabling them to fully participate in any affairs of the province. Businesses were conducted mostly in French in the province, making their culture flourish even more. The Francophone Quebecers have shown openness to others, as they felt secured with their own language and culture. Quebecers have a strong sense to protect their cultural heritage, and it is manifested by their efforts to preserve their language. They acc epted and pronto learned English language because for them, it is not a threat that they must do away with.This is the confidence that Quebecers possessed no matter what happens, whatever language gets introduced in the province, they have proven that their language ties with their native French tongue is so strong, it is unbreakable. Quebecs Religious Ties The time period during which some important aspects of Quebecs religious ties were established was from the 1850s to the early 1900s. Looking back in history, when France colonized Canada, it also brought its religion, and spread Roman Catholicism all over the lands, reaching one of the largest provinces of Canada which is Quebec.After several years of religious ups and downs, as well as the emergence of other religious teachings everywhere, the Christian faith started to grow not only in the province but in all of Canada (Belanger, 2000b). In this period, Quebec experienced the rise of power and the reputation of the Roman Catho lic Church in the province. It has pink wine in great levels, and this is partly because of the increasing influence of the Church to the people, as the number of religious congregations in the province multiplied indefinitely. Many classical colleges were also established, wherein almost half of the graduates enters priesthood.But despite all this, there were still those who opposed, and have continually struggles to convince the French Quebecers. These were the Liberals and the Ultramontanes, people who have radical broad ideology that remained present and strong for a long period of time, though in the end, they were to loose and succumb to Christianity (Belanger, 2000b). The Church gained many privileges in Quebec, including full guarantees to confessional schools, since the only schools permitted in Quebec at that time were these kinds of schools.The civil registries of the province were kept by the Church, allowing the religious marriage as the only form of marriage acceptab le. Church corporations were given the privilege of not paying taxes, and the tithe was given legal sanctions. Generally speaking, the Catholic Church of Quebec was totally in control of education, public services uniform health and sanitation, and even their charitable institutions. At that time, the church had become in practice, the State. The following years marked the triumph of the Church.Christianization was promoted to the masses, where network of catholic groups were established in different parts of the province. This was also the time when Christianization was wished through mass media, establishing catholic newspapers, and the Church even ran a network of theatres in Church basements. With this kind of basis in religion, Quebec developed tightly-knit religious ties all over the region, and they were recognized as a very unique province because it is overwhelmingly unified when it comes to religion.It is dominated by Roman Catholic Quebecers, and this can be attributed or be considered as a legacy of the colonial times, where France brought in the religion. Just like language, the religious ties are well related and closely associated to that of their colonizer. This proves that their religion was preserved well and has already endured hundreds of years of changes and reforms. References Beaudin, M. , Boudreau, R. , & Benedetti, G. D. (2006). New Canadian Perspectives The Socio-economic Vitality of Official Language Communities. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http//www.canadianheritage. gc. ca/progs/lo-ol/perspectives/ face/dyna/p3_p2. htm Belanger, C. (2000a). The Language Laws of Quebec. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http//faculty. marianopolis. edu/c. belanger/QuebecHistory/readings/langlaws. htm Belanger, C. (2000b). The Roman Catholic Church and Quebec. Retrieved June 2, 2000, from http//faculty. marianopolis. edu/c. belanger/quebechistory/readings/church. htm Historical Foundation of Canada. (2008). Quebec. Retrieved 2008, June 2, from http//ww w. thecanadianencyclopedia. com/index. cfm? PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0006591

Nike-High End Shoe Market Survey in Bangladesh.Doc

This report was collected from emailprotected com 01. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Consumer Behavior The term consumer behavior is defined as the behavior that consumers display in searching for purchasing, using, evaluating & disposing of products & services that they expect exit satisfy their needs. Consumer behavior focuses on how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption related items.That includes what they subvert, why they taint it, when they buy it, where they buy it, how often they buy it, how often they use it, how they evaluate it after the bribe and impact of such evaluation on future purchases & disposal. Nike enclothe atomic number 18 sold worldwide at game price. People tend to associate high price positively with good look & maximum performance. Because of the high price, before buying Nike shoes, raft undergo extensive information processing, i. e. ask friends or search the internet to find information about t he product. 1. Origin of deal The report has been prepared for Mr. Junaid Khan, faculty at School of Business in North South University as a requirement of MKT344 course. This report is compulsory for students majoring in marketing. 1. 3 Limitations We had faced many obstacles whilst carrying out the survey. Some of the limitations faced were as (a). The survey sample was 50 persons, which was a negligible amount to obtain spotless answer. (b). People were not eager to disclose their true income. (c). The survey was carried out in a posh area of Dhaka city i. . in Banani, thence leaving a huge number of respondents outside the survey. (d). Some people didnt read the questionnaire carefully and they gave results which may not reflect their true opinion. 02. investigate STRUCTURE 2. 1 Methodology In preparing this report we have used both qualitative & quantitative method. (a). Primary Data We collected primary information by carrying out a survey on 50 people. In the survey the re were 16 questions, all of them close ended. We carried out the survey in three days. (b). Secondary DataWe collected secondary entropy from the retail outlets. We collected a price list of Nike, Reebok & Adidas shoes from these outlets. 2. 2 Questionnaire Design The fair game sample was set up first before preparing the survey questionnaire. We choose the middle twelvemonth & upper class educated people as our respondents. Thats why we distri exactlyed our questionnaires among the students, faculties & people in North South University. The survey questionnaire was divided in three major parts i. e. demography, light about Nike & perceptual represent of Nike.In the demographic part we asked questions to determine the social class, age group & profession. In the perception section we developed questions in a way to light upon consumer perception about Nike itself, usage of Nike & Nike users. In the last part, perceptual mapping we requested the respondents to locate (i. e. 1, 2, 3 etc) Nike in wrong of price, quality & performance compared with other leading brands. Also we asked the respondents to rank features (in order of importance i. e. 1, 2, 3, 4 etc) that they would consider in buying Nike. 03. WHAT IS PERCEPTION? 3. 1 PerceptionPerception is defined as the process by which an individual select, organizes & interprets stimuli into a meaningful & coherent picture of the world. It can be described as how see the world around us. Indeed the study of perception is largely the study of what we subconsciously add to or subtract from raw sensory input to produce our own head-to-head picture of the world. Suppose two people being exposed to the same Nike product may perceive differently. One might perceive Nike shoes to be high in performance if he/she is satisfied using it, while the other person may perceive the same Nike shoe having low performance.This proves that perception varies from person to person. 3. 2 Product Positioning The essence of successful marketing is the image that a product or service has in the minds of consumers that is, its positioning. Positioning is to a greater extent measurable to the ultimate success of a product than are its actual characteristics. The core of effective positioning is a unique position that the product occupies in the minds of the consumer. (a). Positioning of Nike itself (1 = Very High, 2 = High, 3 = Average, 4 = Low, 5 = Poor) 1 2 3 4 5 Price 46% 42% 4% 2% 6% Brand Image 54% 42% 4% 0% 0% spirit 36% 42% 22% 0% 0% Satisfaction 26% 40% 30% 4% 0% Smartness 30% 42% 18% 2% 8% (b). Positioning of Nike in terms of users (1 = Strongly Agree, 2 = Agree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Disagree, 5 = Strongly Disagree) 1 2 3 4 5 Rich People 50% 42% 8% 0% 0% Athletes 44% 40% 16% 0% 0% Satisfied Past Users 28% 38% 24% 10% 0% Brand Loyal Customers 30% 38% 20% 4% 8% (c). Positioning of Nike in terms of use Nike shoes are suitable for ( + 4 = Strongly agree, + 2 = Agree, 0 = Neither agree nor disagree, 2 = Disagree, 4 = Strongly Disagree) + 4 + 2 0 - 2 - 4 Only delight activities 24% 44% 8% 12% 12% Only Work activities 8% 12% 42% 16% 22% Sports & work 26% 40% 26% 4% 4% 3. 3 Perception & Purchase Based on perception the consumers purchase intentions occurs. How consumer perceives a product in terms of price, quality & status has a strong influence on purchase intentions & purchase satisfaction. In this section we have figured out only the future purchase intention of consumer about Nike. (a). Perception & Purchase ( + 4 = Definitely, + 2 = Probably, 0 = Uncertain, 2 = Probably will not, 4 = Definitely Will not) + 4 + 2 0 - 2 - 4 I will buy Nike next time I buy a shoe 10% 14% 44% 14% 18% I will buy a Nike shoe during next 6 months 10% 4% 36% 18% 32% I will recommend others to buy Nike 12% 24% 48% 6% 10% I will buy Nike for sports activities 20% 28% 20% 12% 20% 04. PERCEPTUAL MAPPING 4. 1 Perceptual MappingThe technique of perceptual mapping helps marketers de termine just how their products or service appears to consumers in resemblance to competitive brands on one or more relevant characteristics. It enables them to see gaps in the positioning of all brands in the product or service class and to identify areas in which consumer needs are not being adequately met. 4. 2 Price vs. Quality How consumers perceive the quality of a product is important agentive role in determining the purchase intention. If the product is not one of high quality the consumer may not be interested in puckish the product. Besides the quality of a product is a factor that sets the price that consumers are willing to pay. Fila Reebok Puma Nike Adidas Others Price 5 2 4 1 3 6 Quality 5 3 4 1 2 6 pic Figure (price vs. quality) From the diagram it is inferred that people perceive Nike as a high priced shoe with high quality. 4. 3 Price vs. Performance How a product is perceived by consumers in terms of performance (output) is a factor that affects the brand equ ity of the product and influence repeat purchase intention of consumers.If the consumer is not satisfied with the performance of a product, then it is likely that purchase will not be repeated & the manufacturer will not be able to maintain brand loyal customers. Fila Reebok Puma Nike Adidas Others Price 5 2 4 1 3 6 Performance 4 2 5 1 3 6 pic Figure (price vs. performance) From the diagram it seen that Nike is perceived as a high priced shoe with high performance. 05. FINDINGS (a). Demographic Part 01. Gender Male Female 66% 34% 02. Age Group 19-30 31-45 45 80% 16% 4% 03. Marital Status Married Unmarried 8% 92% 04.Education Level HSC A level Graduate Post Graduate doctorial 38% 10% 40% 10% 2% 05. Gross monthly family income (In Taka) 25,000-39,999 40,000-54,999 55,000-69,9999 70,000 30% 22% 20% 28% 06. Profession Student Government benefit Private Service Business Self Employed 76% 0% 18% 0% 6% 07. I live in a Rented kinsperson Own Apartment Rented Apartment Government Own House Hostel House 16% 26% 16% 6% 32% 4% 08. I reside in Motijheel Purana Paltan Segunbagicha Shantinagar Malibagh 0% 8% 2% 0% 4% Dhanmondi Mohammadpur Lalmatia Mirpur Gulshan 8% 8% 0% 10% 8% Banani DOHS Baridhara Uttara Others 4% 2% 2% 14% 30% (b). General Part 09. I recognize Nike by Logo Name Logo & Name 30% 6% 64% 14. I know about Nike from (Rank in order of importance i. e. 1,2,3 etc) TV Newspaper Billboards Magazine Internet Friends 1 6 5 2 3 4 15. If I buy Nike the most important feature to me would be (Rank in order of importance i. e. 1,2,3 ) Self Image Style Color Status 6 5 4 3 Price Need Fulfillment Original Country of Origin 8 2 1 7 16. Please rank the following brands based on price, quality & performance (i. e. 1, 2, 3 etc) Fila Reebok Puma Nike Adidas Others Price 5 2 4 1 3 6 Quality 5 3 4 1 2 6 Performance 4 2 5 1 3 6 06. SURVEY abstract Most of our respondents said they recognize Nike by logo and name, because Nike symbo ls along with their name are stamped on shoes worldwide and also on various garments.The announce emphasis of the use of Nike shoes by prominent sportsmen tends to make consumers feel that wearing Nike shoes is a form of smartness. The brand image is high because people who wear Nike shoes in general, are convinced that Nike keeps up to its standard and also after using Nike shoes, they are satisfied with the quality of the shoes and the consumption for which they bought the shoes. People think that price of Nike is high, because in comparison to other brands like Adidas, Reebok, Puma and Fila, the price is a bit on the high side. The price data collected from the outlets proved peoples perception to be true. Rich people because of their attempt to enhance their status symbol usually buy goods of reputed brands, so more rich people tend to buy Nike shoes.Athletes tend to buy Nike shoes because of the comfort and Nike has always promoted itself as being a sports oriented shoe compa ny. In its advertisement, Nike has used mostly sportsmen like Andre Agassi and Michel Jordan to convey this message. Nike shoes ensure high performance for various sports activities and are smooth when it comes to running or performing sports and are durable, so people tend to think that Nike is suitable mostly for sports activities. Brand loyal customers are used to the comfort in using Nike brand, but when using other brands they dont feel the same level of comfort or satisfaction that they get from Nike. As a reason they raise up to using Nike shoes and for them it is a status symbol.Majority of our respondents were reluctant to buy Nike shoe, although they perceived Nike having a high brand image, maybe of the high pricing of Nike shoes. Since they do not have much disposable income, they cannot afford to buy Nike shoe (yet they wish to buy) and resort to buying cheaper brands like Fila and Puma, although they know that the quality of Nike is much better. In Bangladesh because of the cable television, people are exposed to enormous amount of foreign medium. People are exposed to Nike shoes advertisement on foreign channels, so majority said they came to know about Nike shoes first on television. Also in Bangladesh a lot of foreign magazines including sports magazines are available. From these magazines, in hich Nike ads are depicted, people came to know a great deal about Nike shoes. In the Bangladeshi newspapers, there are hardly any ads of Nike shoes, so only a tiny portion of our respondents came to know about Nike shoes from newspaper The people in Bangladesh who intend to buy Nike first see whether the Nike shoe is authoritative. Consumers want original shoes because of their status and self-esteem and it helps them fulfill their ego need. Price comes last for these customers, because most consumers can afford the price. 07. CONCLUSION Nike manufacturers have tried to create a distinct positioning of the Nike shoe in terms of quality and satisfactio n in comparison to its other competitors i. e. Adidas, Reebok etc.People in Bangladesh have show Nike to be of high quality and to be of great satisfaction to them, but due to their income limitations, most of people are uncertain as to whether they will buy a Nike shoe now or in the near future. Manufacturers have tried to create a distinct image of Nike in consumers mind, which proved to be successful according to our survey result. From the survey we found that Nike is perceived as a high priced & high brand image shoe in the consumers mind. thus it can be said that Nike is a mega brand in Bangladesh, like it is in other parts of the world. 08. BIBLIOGRAPHY (i). www. nike. com (ii). Consumer Behavior, LEON, G. SCHIFFMAN AND LESLIE LAZAR, 8th Ed, Pearson Education, Singapore.

Indian tribe`s inherent sovereign authority Essay

INTRODUCTIONU.S Chief referee John Marshall, in his milestone trilogy of his finiss on Indian law in 1 Cherokee Nation v.Georgia 2 Johnson v.Mclntosh and 3 Worcester v. Georgia framed the fundament for Indian law viz. Indian clans be under the trust protection of the federal g all overnment which stands good even today.As such, m any tribes be enjoying the quasi-sovereignty status and ca-ca organized their own government activitys together with functional legislative, executive and legal branches. Indian tribal motor hotels function more or less in their Anglo-American colleagues and offer an intra-tribal tool for dispute resolution.The ultimate judicatory held in Oliphant v.Suquanmish Indian Tribe that for want of congressional action, tribes lacks congenital legal power to punish outsiders. relative soon enough to legislatively recognize the Oliphant by extending jurisdiction to tribal courts to try twistly any non-Indians for the felony perpetrate in the Indian regionsThis research paper will see how this territorial predicament causes a practicable problem in United States Judiciary and possible ways and means to address the issue. INDIAN SOVEREIGN chest TO EXERCISE CRIMINAL JURISDICTION OVER NON-INDIANS- AN psychoanalysisCrimes against native Indians are unleashed by non-Indians on daily basis. Crimes committed by non-Indians are cognizable offence that can be plightd only by federal district court by federal prosecutors. Unfortunately, many federal prosecutors work abandoned their duty to tail crimes in Indian country committed by non-Indians due to overburden.The emergence of the Indian courts owed its origin to the tribal dutyness systems that predate the European settlement of America. On the basis of the age old convention, relation back has recognized the sovereign potentiality of tribes to maintain their own courts. alone, Congress has limited that sovereignty as tribal courts hold back little jurisdiction over non- Indians .This is mainly intended to ensure that Indians are guaranteed the same constitutional rights as other Americans.As a result, tribal courts over the last two decades have lost their elite authority to try cases involving grave felonies and to enforce criminal penalties on non-Indians. In the class 1990, coercive philander stripped Indian tribal courts of the power to hear cases involving Indians of a different tribe. But the Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs later voted to rein distinguish that right to tribes for the next two years. 1992 to 1994.In 1968, Congress established the Indian accomplished Rights act as to offer on tribes requirements akin to those found in the bill poster of Rights. There are about 147 tribal courts that exercise jurisdiction over darlingly two million Indians in the United States in the year 1992.tribal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over civil cases that arise between Indians on the arriere pensees. But, if the plaintiff or defendant is other than Indian, realm courts may have a simultaneous or even exclusive exercise rights to hear the case.In, Oliphant v.Suquamish Indian Tribe , 435 U.S, 55 L.Ed , 2d , 98 S.Ct, 48 U.S.L.W .4210 it was held that no inherent rights is ascribed to any Indian tribal courts to prosecute and punish non-Indians for offenses committed on Indian lands.It was the contention of the Indian tribes that jurisdiction is automatically conferred on them for trying any offenses of criminal nature on non-Indians in tribal lands as Supreme court made an opinion describing Indian tribes as quasi sovereign entities. However, Supreme romance has observed in the present case that whenever efforts have been exercised in the past, it has been observed that there exists no jurisdiction. The tribal is having no authority to try non-Indians as it was established by earlier judicial opinions and also according to the general view of the executive authorities.But Judge Marshall, joined by the Chief justice dissented in the above case by taking the view that the power of preserve order on the reticence was a sine quo non of sovereignty that the Suquamish primarily possessed. He further noned that in the absence of positive extraction of such rights by any treaty or statue ,the tribal enjoy as a necessary aspect of their sovereignty the right to try and punish all persons who commit offenses against tribal law inside the reservation.In the past years, several(prenominal) Supreme Court rulings have drastically delineated the power of American Indians to govern their territories. The High Court ruled in 1978 that tribal courts cannot prosecute whites or other non-Indians for both(prenominal) felonies committed on tribal land. In one case, the justice held that a tribal court has no jurisdiction over crimes committed on that tribes land by members of another tribe. There are certain rulings that restricted Indian authority in taxation and zoning.tribal leaders argue that U.S government apparent move away from recognizing inherent sovereignty of the Indian nations, which predate the arrival of whites to this continent makes them to worry.Though, the tribal leaders were not asking to overturn the Supreme Courts ruling in Oliphant v. Squamish Indian Tribe besides they were demanding to overturn the High Court rulings in Duro V. Reina, which proscribe the Salt River Prima-Maricopa Indian Community in Arizona from prosecuting on a misdemeanor of weapons charge by an Indian man who lived in Salt River but was a member of a tribe in California. Thus, the rulings left a judicial void in expresss that do not assume jurisdiction over such misdemeanors and Congress temporarily restored jurisdiction to the tribes during 1990.2.1 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION TO TRY NON INDIANS TO COMBAT TERRORIST THREAT In their effort to revive an amendment to the country of origin Security mold that would offer criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians to combat terrorist threats o n Indian lands. But opponents were of the view that it will topple a 25-years old Supreme Court decision limiting and defining Indian sovereignty and could lead to tribal power grabs which may affect of millions of non-Indians.Further, there is a proposal to reclassify the tribal governments as states under HSA law which facilitate tribes to receive sufficient federal funding and technical expertise to play a meaningful role in fighting terrorism.During 2003, the Senate Indian Affairs committee move to add some amendments to homeland security bill but it was not successful as some group hit the panic button claiming that amendment would authorise control over all people for all purposes. The vested group fears that there would be other jurisdictional grabs by the tribal governments and tribes could exert authority over non-Indians by ignoring the fact that non-Indians cannot vote in tribal elections.The proposed amendment which has been officially designated as S.578 and the depa rtment itself has supported the get-go 12 sections of the amendment or those that would authorise the reclassification of tribal governments as states not local government in dealing with terrorism.But as per Heffelfinger, who is also chairman of the Attorney General consultatory Committees Native American issues subcommittee commented that the departments itself is not supporting section 13 , which would offer tribes the power to enforce and adjudicate irreverences of civil , criminal and restrictive laws committed by any person on land under the jurisdiction of an Indian tribal government.But, as per 2000 census, non Indians account for more than 48% of reservation residents who live on or near Indian reservations from discrimination by state, federal or tribal government or their policies.Some critics view the proposed amendment to the Homeland Security Act violates the 1978 Oliphant v.Suquamish Indian Tribe rulings where Supreme Court observed that tribes do not have crimina l jurisdiction to try and punish non-Indians. In real situation, the state or federal government is toothed with the power to arrest and try criminal offenders who are not Indians on Indian lands. In other words, there is no need to arm the tribal government to initiate criminal proceedings on non-Indians on tribal lands as the state or federal government has adequate power to execute the same. 12.2 OVERBURDENS OF FEDERAL COURTS unmatched the problem faced by tribal is that some of the felonies committed by non-Indians on tribal have been let off due to overburden of cases in federal courts and Supreme Court judgment which had declared that non-Indians can not be prosecuted by the tribal courts.For instance, soldiers courts do not have jurisdiction to prosecute the civilians who have infringed militarys interest. In such cases, special assistant United States attorneys SAUSAs have the authority to prosecute such violators who have committed crimes against military military unit and property. The same strategy can be followed in the tribal cases also. Thus, the department should authorize Indian prosecutors to sue in the federal courts for the crimes committed by the non-Indians within Indian country.2.3 USE OF MEHTAMPHETAMINEAnother issue encountered by the American tribes and tribal groups is their relentless fight against use of grouchamphetamine which they regard an epidemic on tribal lands. Lummi Nation of Washington, an American tribe is waging war with glass by imposing rigorous punishment to offenders. Some tribes are addressing the issue through new drug courts. Methamphetamine production and trafficking on tribal reservation with huge geographic areas or tribes adjacent to the U.S. Mexico border is rampant. As the tribal states enjoy sovereign status, criminals are generally not theatre to state jurisdiction in most of the cases.As the local law enforcement authorities have no jurisdiction in Indian country and tribal law enforcement agencies place the responsibility to enforce the relevant law enforcement functions. To combat the use of meth in tribal areas, Indian Tribes Methamphetamine Act of 2007 and Indian Tribes Methamphetamine decrement Grants Act of 2007 were introduced in January 2007. The legislation would permit Indian tribes to be eligible for funding through the department of umpire to exterminate the scourge of meth production, sales agreement and usage in Native American communities.Enough safeguard measures are built in to avoid any potential misrepresentation of the above legislations. It has been intelligibly stated in section 2 a 4 of the bill , the Department of Justices Bureau of Justice Assistance is toothed with power to award concede funds to a state ,territory or Indian tribe to explore ,detain and indict individuals involved in illegal meth activities. Further, it does not authorize a grantee state, Indian tribe or state to pursue law enforcement activities that it otherwise has short of jurisdictional authority to pursue.2.4 PUBLIC LAW 280Normally, states do not have jurisdiction over the internal legal of the sovereign tribal governments. Under certain circumstances, Congress has extended special exceptions this general principle. Under domain Law 280, six states were given exclusive jurisdiction over the Indian country within the state borders. Thus, states like New York, Kansas have the exclusive right over to prosecute the crime committed within the Indian country as the federal government has ceded its jurisdiction. Federal government ceded their prosecuting authority to states in these states. But it has created unfavorable situations as most states are loth and intransigence to cognize crime on Indian reservations seriously.Many state district attorneys are reluctant to exercise their limited resources on Indian crime. Thus, Public Law 280 has resulted in lawlessness in almost all Indian reservations. Ceding the federal authority over Indian territories to states has ended in a lacuna. It is painful to note that even if a state government has inherent authority in a particular proposition Indian region, it sometimes lacks institutional strength to exercise authority in that region. Further, there exists always simmering tension between Indians and state governments. It is to be observed that since Worcester v.Georgia, states have no authority or very little authority over Indian country.The real reason for tension between tribal and state government is the criticism of action of state patrol department as they always rubbing on the wrong side of the tribal cultural practices. A study conducted by Carole Goldberg Ambrose2 revealed that relationships between state and tribal are often got off to potholed and sometime unfeasible. Frequently, California tribal members complained that when state police tried to solve the tribal problems, they often failed as they were disrespectful to tribal sovereignty, lacked cultural compassion and a lways deployed excessive force.Further, if the alleged offence is a violation of generally applicable federal statutes like sedition and mail theft, the federal government is alone having exclusive jurisdiction to try the offence and natives are not exempted from such offence2.5 OLIPHANT V. SUQUAMISH INDIAN TRIBE- AN ANALYSIS In, Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe case, Supreme Court held that as the tribal court lacks inherent jurisdiction to prosecute non-Indians for the felonies committed on Indian jurisdiction and recommended that it is the Congress to decide whether Indians tribes should finally be authorized to try non-Indians . Thus, Supreme Court decision may not be final and binding since Congress retains authority in exercise of its plenary power.Oliphant case centered around the incidents that happened on the Suquamish Reservation located near Port Madison, Washington. Indian tribes had waived all of their land claims in Washington state under the Treaty of Point Elliott which was signed in 1855 and accepted to settle on a 7300 acre reservation located near Seattle. The tribes adopted a criminal decree in 1973 and any infringement of tribals criminal code is prosecuted in the Suquamish Indian provisional Court.It is the claim of the tribes that they have jurisdiction to try non-Indians for any violation or infringement in their land. In support of their claim, they have displayed billboards in prominent places at the entrances to the Port Madison Reservation warning the public that entry onto the Reservation would be deemed implied consent to the criminal jurisdiction of the Suquamish tribal court and one may hilarious to note that Suquamish tribal specifically excluded non-Indians from serving on tribal court as juries.Supreme Court had fit(p) the burden of proof on the tribe to substantiate its contention of jurisdiction. The tribe argued that its jurisdiction over non-Indians emerged involuntarily from the Tribes retained innate powers of gover nment over the Port Madison Indian Reservation. Tribe has argued that flow of criminal jurisdiction is automatic over all persons on a reservation Indian or non-Indian and is arising out of a sine qua non of tribal sovereignty.Supreme Court has rejected the argument of tribal claiming inherent jurisdiction on multiple grounds. Supreme Court concluded that Congress had positively expressed its intention not to grant Indian tribes the power to punish non-Indian afterwards thoroughly examining the opinions of attorney generals, recital of treaties, legislative history and district court decisions. Supreme Court once again asserted that Congress which is being law making authority is having fillet of sole discretion to decide whether the tribal can prosecute non-Indians for felonies in their land.In the Oliphants case, Justice Marshall joined by Chief Justice Burger took the arctic view as the Marshall believed that tribes processed the innate jurisdiction over non-Indians and that c ongressional action was necessary to strip off Indians of that jurisdiction.Oliphant decision was a major set back to Indian community claim of sovereignty in the following respectIt publicized that Indians were toothless to dissuade non-Indians from committing crimes against them.Tribes viewed that Supreme Court decision had indeed handcuffed their law enforcement activities.Tribes viewed the decision as a major blow on their powers to safeguard their own people.Decision culminated to an awkward situation to tribes by constraining their power to judge, prosecute or punish with tribal law and tribal courts, the non-Indians who commit felonies on tribal land.2.6 DURO V.REINA- AN ANALYSIS Duro v.Reina is a subsequent case after Oliphant. This case has further minimized the power of the tribal court to punish outsiders , people who are not members of the tribe. Albert Duro was the member of one sect of Indian tribe namely Torres-Maritinez Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians. It was alle ged that Duro killed a boy on the Salt River Indian reservation.Salt River Indian tribes attempted to prosecute Duro in their tribal court. The federal district court restrained the Salt River Prima Maricopa Indian Tribe to prosecute Duro who belongs to Torres tribe. Thus, Supreme Court also concurred the federal district court view and held that Indian tribes did not have jurisdiction over Indians who were members of other Indian tribes.This made the Congress to exercise its plenary power and Supreme Court decision was amended or altered by the Congress through amendment U.S.C 1301 to authorize the tribal courts to exercise criminal jurisdiction over all Indian and not just member of Indians.Critics view that Supreme Court had crushed the Indian rights is a bit of hypocritical as the Congress can always make use of its plenary power a-type of legislative veto to correct the intrinsic relationship as articulated by the Court.2.7 ANALYSIS OF SURVEY OF U.S. JUSTICE DEPARTMENTAccording to survey conducted by Justice Department of U.S., American Indians suffer from certain violent crimes like robbery, rape at a rate twice the national average. About 30,000 crimes of violence are committed against Indians each year. Native Indians complained that their attackers were under the influence of alcohol or meth at a greater than the national average. It is alarming to note that Indians were fatalities of interracial violence at a startling rate of 72% and 91% of informal assaults against the tribal members. Further, offenders against Indian tribes were about 70%It is to be noted that a crime committed against an Indian by non-Indian which occurs outside of Indian country is subject to state jurisdiction and therefore is not reported in the above statistics. Thus, the above statistics reveal a disturbing picture of crimes against Indians and Indians face a disproportionately higher rate of violent crimes than any other races in U.S.A.For instance, Indian victims are repo rting about 30,000 possible violent crimes to police each year and out of this, police could not solve more than 28,000 incidents or about 94% of the crimes reported remain un suss outd or go unpunished.Further, Indians are also affected by the property crimes and victimless crimes committed by the non-Indians and these were not included in the above statistics since these were of civil nature. The main reason for such alarming rates of criminal reports are being uninvestigated is mainly due to great distance between federal courts and tribes and overburdened law enforcing department.One of the allegations against Indian judiciary is that Indian courts do not bestow equal justice to non-Indians. For example, in Oliphant case, the Court took note of the fact that non-Indians were excluded from occupying juries role in Suquamish.Thus, a doubt arises whether non-Indian constitutional right to be tried by an Indian jury could deliver unquestionable justice to the accused. The Indian Ci vil Rights Act of 1968 ensures basic due process protections to Indians who are tried in tribal courts and to ensure non-Indians offenders rights, the same process of protection can be extended to non-Indians. As such, non-Indians allegation that tribal courts are iniquitous may not hold good.2.8 POSSIBLE SUGGESTIONS FOR AVOIDING OLIPHANT TYPE OF INCIDENTS IN FUTUREFederal court is already overburdened with cases like violations under aPatriotic Act , bMoney Laundering Act 3 RICO 4 Narcotic Offenses 5 Interstate Crimes 6 National Security Offenses 7 Stock Exchange Commission 8 Other type of Crimes .Whereas , offenses committed by non-Indian in tribal areas are of nature of minor offences like 1 reckless or speed driving 2 drunk driving 3 petty assault 4 petty theft 5 Vandalism 6 Littering 7park Violations . Naturally federal prosecutors do not give more importance to these offenses and hence lions share of these offenses went unpunished. To instill confidence on tribal community, Co ngress should seriously think of creating exclusive federal courts which may be designated as special courts for prosecuting offenses committed on tribal by non-Indians in tribal areas. For instance , in the District of North Dakota , Chief Judge Rodney Webb to address the problem faced by Indians against felonies committed by non-Indians held meetings with the officials for their prosecutionAs per ICRA Indian Civil Rights Act, Indian tribes may not impose any penalty or punishment which is longer than for a term of one year and a all right of $ 5000 or both. This clearly demonstrate that tribal courts have limited authority to try minor offenses like less serious felonies or misdemeanors there by leaving serious crimes to the federal government .Further, there is a misconception among non-Indians that tribal courts are not like Anglo-American tribunals. It is pertinent to note the remarks made by Justice Rehnquist in Oliphant that some Indian trial court systems have become progr essively much classy and resemble in many ways their state counter parts. Hence, non-Indians should be properly educated and Congress should see that they are convinced by drafting a new legislation extending tribal courts power to prosecute non-Indians within the parameters designed by the Congress in this regard.One another remedy is to depute special law enforcement officer to investigate or prosecute the crime. A special assistant district attorney may be appointed to represent the district attorney for a particular case or a special investigating officer may be deputed to execute restricted law enforcement functions. Thus, the power to deputize is also cognise as a statutory grant. A statutory grant is having inherent power to specially deputize any higher officials. The deputization will be more advantageous as it would run into the interest of the all concerned including tribal and non-Indian offenders though the offenders will be punished under federal or state laws not un der the tribal laws. CONCLUSION De-facto immunity is being used as scapegoat by non-Indian offenders against Indians. It is really a shame that American judicial system is dissuading Indians to punish the non-Indian offenders who have committed felony in their lands under tribal criminal laws. It is real predicament that majority of the crimes against Indians by non-Indians escape punishment.The Oliphant v Suquamish Indian Tribe case is a severe blow to the Indian legitimate rights which Congress should come forward to redress. Congress should exercise its plenary power as it had done in Supreme Court decision in Duro v.Reina which was later amended or altered by the Congress through amendment U.S.C 1301 to authorize the tribal courts to exercise criminal jurisdiction over all Indian and not just member of Indians. Further , to instill confidence on tribal community, Congress should seriously think of creating exclusive federal courts which may be designated as special courts for p rosecuting offenses committed on tribal by non-Indians in tribal areas.One another remedy is to depute special law enforcement officer to investigate or prosecute the crime. The deputization will be more advantageous as it would satisfy the interest of the all concerned including tribal and non-Indian offenders though the offenders will be punished under federal or state laws not under the tribal laws. Deputization will assimilate all law enforcement agencies together to work unitedly. Deputization is the need of the hour as it will bring all the parties involved under a single umbrella within the current jurisdictional.Further, as in the case of military courts which do not have jurisdiction to prosecute the civilians who have infringed militarys interest and in such cases, special assistant United States attorneys SAUSAs have the authority to prosecute such violators who have committed crimes against military personnel and property. The same strategy can be followed in the tribal cases also. Thus, the department should authorize Indian prosecutors to sue in the federal courts for the crimes committed by the non-Indians within Indian country.BIBILIOGRAPHYChiu, Elaine M. Culture as Justification, Not Excuse. American Criminal Law Review 43, no. 4 (2006) 1317+.Christofferson, Carla. Tribal Courts Failure to Protect Native American Women A Reevaluation of the Indian Civil Rights Act. Yale Law Journal 101, no. 1 (1991) 169-185.Dutton, Bertha P. American Indians of the Southwest. Revised ed. Albuquerque University of New Mexico Press, 1983.French, Laurence Armand. Addictions and Native Americans. Westport, CT Praeger Publishers, 2000.Griffiths, Curt Taylor. Natives and Criminal Justice Policy the Case of Native Policing. Canadian Journal of Criminology 26, no. 2 (1984) 147-160.Henderson, Dwight F. Congress, Courts, and Criminals The Development of Federal Criminal Law, 1801-1829. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 1985.Johansen, Bruce Elliott, ed. The Encyclopedia of N ative American sound Tradition. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 1998.La Prairie, Carol. Aboriginal Over-Representation in the Criminal Justice System A Tale of Nine Cities. Canadian Journal of Criminology 44, no. 2 (2002) 181+.Lawson, capital of Minnesota E. When States Attorneys General Write Books on Native American Law A Case Study of Spaeths American Indian Law Desk book. American Indian Quarterly 19, no. 2 (1995) 229-236.Nielsen, Marianne O. and Robert A. Silverman, eds. Native Americans, Crime, and Justice. Boulder, CO Westview Press, 1996Nourse, V.F. Reconceptualizing Criminal Law Defenses. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 151, no. 5 (2003) 1691+.Parman, Donald Lee. Indians and the American West in the Twentieth Century. Bloomington, IN Indiana University Press, 1994.Pevar, Stephen L. The Rights of Indians and Tribes The Basic ACLU Guide to Indian and Tribal Rights. 2nd ed. Carbondale, IL Southern Illinois University Press, 1992.Prucha, Francis Paul. The Great Father The U nited States Government and the American Indians. Lincoln, NE University of Nebraska Press, 1984.Ramirez, Deborah A. A Brief Historical Overview of the Use of the Mixed Jury. American Criminal Law Review 31, no. 4 (1994) 1213-1224.1 Indian Wants jurisdiction to Combat Terrorism Threat , Washington Times, Jan 26, 2004.2 Carole Goldberg Ambrose, Public Law 280 and the problem of Lawlessness in California Indian Country, 44 UCLA L.Rev. 1405 1997.

Introduction to Environmental Science Essay

Be equal to define an environmental factor. There be two types ( ascertain and resource). What is the difference amid a condition and a resource? Be able to categorise particular environmental factors as conditions OR resources (for example, temperature is a condition and not a resource). Be able to rank from smallest to largest ecosystem, landscape, biome, biosphere Be able to rank from smallest to largest (in terms of numbers and diversity of life) species, population, biota and biosphere. Also, what is the difference between a population of a species and a species overall? Make true you can explain the Law of Limiting Factors. What is the difference between the optimum conditions, the zones of tolerance and the zones of show? Can life exist outside of the zones of tolerance? Outside of the zones of stress? Be able to list the primary atoms in organic compounds.What is the difference between a producer and a consumer? Be able to classify life as one or the other. Make sure y ou know the products and reactants for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. In each of the following cycles, be able to identify the primary source for each atom (atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere) Carbon cycle, Nitrogen cycle, Phosphorous cycle.Be able to categorize an environmental resistance factor as population density-dependent or density-independent. Some examples may include food availability, water availability, disease, temperature, wind and available space/shelter. What atomic number 18 biotic potential and environmental resistance, and how are they related? Be able to define critical number (what this means for a species survival), threatened and endangered. Make sure you can list characteristics of a K-strategist versus an r-strategist. Is an elephant a K- or r-strategist? What about a fly? Be able to describe, and identify, the following community interactions predation, competition, mutualism, commensalism, amensalism. What is an adaptation? Be able to identify c ommon types of adaptations of organisms (camouflage, prickles on cactus, ability to store water in the desert, hibernation in cold climates, long necks to reach food, etc. see table in your Power Point and textbook).See more introduction paragraph exampleHow does the process of selective pressure influence the processes of evolution and speciation? What IS the process of speciation? What is time ramble for evolution and/or speciation of complex species (i.e., not single-celled organisms like bacteria)? Can species that evolve from other species still mate with the species from which they evolved? How are the Theories of Evolution and Continental social movement complimentary? Be able to identify the exponential growth rate equation and the logistic growth rate equation. What are the differences between the two? (For example, carrying condenser is only in logistic growth, the shapes of the curves are different.) Be able to describe how (in what way) each of the four human populati on revolutions impacted the carrying capacity for humans on Earth. Make sure you can tell me what each of the letters stands for in this equation, I = (P x A x T)/S, and how increasing and decreasing each forget change environmental impact (I).Make sure you know what each of these trophic categories or food web terms are Autotrophs, Heterotrophs (includes decomposers, consumers), Producers, Consumers (first-order, second-order, third-order). Where do herbivores, carnivores and omnivores chequer into the consumer classes? Be able to list the 6 major biomes, and compare them in terms of precipitation and temperature (precipitation is the primary factor that determines biomes, and temperature is the second most important factor). What are common values that humans place on biodiversity?What was the goal of the Endangered Species Act? Does it protect the organism only, or also its habitat?

Leonardo da Vinci’s †The Last Supper Essay

The persist Supper is a unique impression. nonpareil of the reasons it is so different is that the fannyvas it is painted on is much wider than it is t wholly. By looking at the painting you can see that da Vinci is painting a gathering of people with the one in the middle of the hedge receiving most of the fear. The painting is most likely done on a canvas with simple embrocate paints. One feature a viewer might notice is Leonardos use of rectangles. Whether this is knowing or serves any purpose is unclear, but other than the humans in the scene everything is a rectangular shape.The work is organized with in all of the focus of the viewer falling on the meal, or even more than specifically on the man in the middle. da Vinci draws us to this man because he has placed one-third windows as a source of light in the background. The windows are directly behind him, drawing our attention to the contrast between the two. The viewer may also notice that all of the characters aroun d the focal engineer lean slightly in one direction or another, while the character we are intend to focus on remains erect.The artist is conveying the message that something has shocked the men around this, one. One can assume that it may be surprising news or something to that extent. However, since this is a well-known painting there are not many that dont know what it is actually about. The painting of The Last Supper is Leonardo da Vincis portrayal of delivery boy last meal with his disciples. That night Jesus would discover the disciples that later one of them would betray him. Jesus honesty and forwardness shocked the disciples, and in turn they all began to question themselves. In da Vincis masterpiece one can see that perhaps Jesus has just delivered this message and that the disciples are taken aback by his accusation.In my opinion this painting lives up to its hype. The artistry is pure genius. Leonardo da Vinci makes the viewer see exactly what he wants them to see. T he focus is all on Jesus, but if you take the time to look at each disciple you can intimately feel what they are feeling. The crowd at the table appears much like a lunchroom rumor flaps about a high schoolcafeteria. The way Jesus lays his hands on the table is symbolic. His palms dour upwards toward the heavens with his arms fully extended, yet dropped heavily onto the table. Jesus is offering himself up, da Vinci captures the jiffy perfectly.

Personal Development Paper Essay

I have a lot of background knowledge for improvement. I have a lot of potential both professionally and in the personal billet I need to tap it. My asthetic sensation, fair-mindedness and imagination help me stand out in a crowd and I need to fine tune these skills. Given my high sensitivity to stress, I execute to get very irritable and frustrated during high pressure scenarios. I am exteremly dis form and this has very harmed me all my life. I really need to work on my organization skills.Goals To be to a greater extent organized, and disciplined. I need to have a besotteder work eithc, and develop strong uninflected and quant skills.I would also kindred to invest alot of time in edition, and wasting less time doing meaningless stuff. Reading and getting assailable to the opportunities everywhere gets me excited, and once I am excited I am driven.Perception of others In all honesty, others calculate me as exteremly modest but that is because I am good at hiding my wea knesses. They respect my freighterdor and mountain skills, and appreciate my input once in a while.Standards organization expects you to meet Disciplined, focused, very strong finance background, strong work ethic, working in high pressure scenarios, and having a strong sense of responsibility. DEVELOPMENTAL PLANNING WORKSHEET Professor Randall S. Peterson DEVELOPMENT ISSUE (from GAPS analysis) The issue is that I am easily intimidated, and non focused. I tend to get distracted with my surroundings and tend to loose interest in my confess ambition and agenda. I tend to get bored easily, and leave things in the middle very impatient.EXPECTED OUTCOMES What go forth be different? What could someone else observe that will change? For starters I will be more diligent, focused and orderly. This can be seen through my group participation, my in class assignments, my club involvement and my vocation hunt activities.Juggling so many aspects at once will require all of the above. My qu ant and fiscal skills can really develop if I invest time, and effort in reading and understanding the material. This can also be a visible change.What will I gain by achieving the address? What is in it for you? Happiness. Job. Personal satisfaction. Personal growth and development.WHO ELSE NEEDS TO BE COMMITED TO THIS What will you need to do as in brief as you get back to the office to get started? Who do I need to get affiliated to helping me? And what is in it for them? Me, myself and I.LEARNING STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT(use at least three of the six to make your development goal SMART) 1) Seek New Challenges/Projects Challenge PE CASE CHALLANGE Specific Action/ cartridge holder/Deadline working with people in a field I have very little experience in. Taken a challenge. shoot to work hard. This will improve my quant and tech skills.2) Take Courses and Workshops Course/Workshop Specific Action/ succession/Deadline 3) Develop Ongoing Feedback Name(s)/Strategy for Identifying People Study Group Specific Action/Time/Deadline Montly feedback on progress personally and professionally. Team contract also helps keep us in check. 4) Identify map Models and Coaches Name(s)/Strategy for Identifying People Raluca Class mate Specific Action/Time/Deadline She helps me stay focused and organized everyday. We plan the everyday in advance, and luckily forever recognize to achieve the target.5) Development Reading Books/ paper Specific Action/Time/Deadline 6) Other Learning Tactics Strategy Specific Action/Time/Deadline OBSTACLES What will I give up? I will give up making excuses. I will talk less listen more. I will give up wasting time, and reading more. I will give up being disorganized. What are the major obstacles and how will I manage them? Obstacle is just me and my mind I need to be focused, and do proper time management. non get distracted with the noise around me. Work at my pace, and be patient.How to work with me I am pretty flexible, and easy going . Only thing is I lack commitment, and have poor work ethics. I tend to get distracted easily and hence get frustrated when the pressure builds up. Please be a little strcit with me when it comes to academics. I need to get more responsibility so I am actually forced to put in effort, instead of depending on others.This will help me build my quant and analytical skills, and that will increase my confidence 10 folds. Since I tend to get distracted easliy, please always bring me back on track. I am very dependable, approachable, and I love interacting with people and culture through people. Hence, if I dont understand something, and if someone explains it to me politely I will always listen. I tend to disagree alot, and sometimes unnecessairly. I am also very open to people criticizing me. I love negative feedback so I have room to develop. Please motivate me, and moderate in me discipline.

Psychological Approach – Wuthering Heights

consort to Freud, there are three different kinds of mental processes that result in three kinds of personalities. These are Id, egotism and Superego. These three parts in Freuds model of the psyche help explain mental due date and development. In Emily Brontes novel Wuthering Heights, Catherine symbolizes the impressionable ego and was pulled between Heathcliff, which represents the id, and Edgar, which represents superego. Her struggle between these two opposing forces and inability to choose between them is what ultimately give way her into delirium.The id in Freuds model of the psyche is link to the mans instinctive attitude and desires. According to Maslows hierarchy of needs, people seek to pull together their physiological and safety needs before moving on to fulfill their desire for love and belonging. As a child, Heathcliff was far more occupied with trying to survive on the streets of Liverpool than emotional development. After creation taken in by Mr. Earnshaw, and thus freed from these more basic desires, Heathcliff was allowed cultivate these feelings of love and belonging in Catherine.Conversely, because of Hindleys abusiveness, especially in the wake of the death of their father, Catherine had to turn to Heathcliff to fulfill her desire for love and belonging. Perpetually, Heathcliff became exercise of the fulfillment of these desires to Catherine. On the other hand, the superego is exemplification of society and focuses on balance, proper behavior, and goodness. Obviously, Edgar is the archetypal example of this idea. As the Linton siblings were born into privilege, both Edgar and Isabella had their physiological and safety needs fulfilled very early on.They were raised to be sophisticated, independent, and developed members of society. During her stay at Thrushcross Grange, Catherine recognized these more developed traits in Edgar, and instinctively tried to lean towards developing her own superego in his presence. This was demonstra ted in Catherines desire to become more feminine and cultured and her subsequent transformation at her return five weeks later from her stay at Thrushcross. Thus, as the result of her development of her id with Heathcliff and uperego with Edgar, Catherine is heavily entwined in her relationships between both of these characters. The ego of Freuds model aims to supporting a balance by negotiating with the id and pleasing the superego, and Catherine is the prime example of this as she tried to balance her living between Heathcliff and Edgar. Though Catherine intuitively gravitated to Edgar because of his more advanced psyche, she couldnt bear to leave Heathcliff, whom she believes is more representative of herself.In fact, both Heathcliff and Catherine grew to be so emotionally intertwined that Catherine professed to Nelly, I am Heathcliff, indicating that she put much more allegiance and significance in her relationship with Heathcliff over Edgar. Therefore, this pull in her psyc he between what she should be force to and what she actually desires is what ultimately makes Catherine spiral down into madness. Though there were other factors to take into consideration that lead to Catherines descent into insanity, ultimately it is her ambivalence between her id (Heathcliff) and superego (Edgar) that pulls her into two.

Jealous vs Envy Essay

At first glance the average psyche might hypothesize that the paroles suspicious and grabby can be used interchangeably, because they are synonyms, solely if you stop and analyze these two treatments you bequeath find that they are not all that interchangeable. When it comes to deciding what words are kept in a diction and what words are eventually re come ond by more efficient words, a linguist knows that a language can only stand to detainment words that communicate roughlything and that are efficient in that communication process.Due to the fact that a language only keeps words that are need to communicate manything that is unique to that word I believe that the English language would not keep desirous and wishful if the two words communicated the same exact message. In the first half of this paper I will analize the word envious and how it is used in literary theoretical accounts.Then in the second half of this paper I will tactile property at the word covetous a nd how it is used in literary texts. Once I have examined both of words I will in that locationfore compare how the two words differ in their usages. The definition of the word envious is, Feeling, expressing, or characterized by envy. (American Heritage Dictionary) I dont conceptualise that you can really repair a word by using the word in the definition so I would standardized to include the definition of envy because I feel like it accurately defines envious, the procedural form of envy, as well. The dictionary defines envy as, A feeling of discontent and resentment aroused by and in club with relish for the possessions or qualities of another.(American Heritage Dictionary) The etymology of the word envy is that it comes from Middle English envie, from Old French, from Latin invidia, from invidus, envious, from invidpicre, to look at with envy. (American Heritage Dictionary) I commemorate that the invariant meaning of the word envious is to relish mostthing, whether it is real(a) or in literal, that some one and only(a) else has. In the following compositors cases I analyze whether the object of envy is a tangible item, and I excessively look at the possibility of whether the envy is in a resentful manner. I look at those two specific things because at first glance I thought that envious might be marked for one of these things.Example one At times he regarded the wounded solders in an envious way. He conceived persons with torn bodies to be partially happy. He wished he, overly, had a wound, a little bolshie badge of courage. (Crane 51) In this first illustration the speakers is envious of howhappy the soldiers are. He is envious of something that is intangible and it is of something that he sine qua nons to have. I dont think that the speaker is resentful of the soldiers, but I would say that blessedness is something that he desires.Example two She went up to capital of the United Kingdom last winter with her mamma, and in that respect e verybody admired her, and a four-year-old lord fell in love with her but his relations were against the match and- what do you think?he and Miss Georgiana made it up to run out-of-door but they were tack our and stopped. It was Miss vibrating reed that found them out I believe she was envious and now she and her sister lead a cat-and-dog sprightliness together they are always quarrelling. (Bronte 92) In this example Miss Reed is envious of the relationship or love that Miss Georgiana has with some guy. I think that Miss Reed is somewhat resentful in this example and that she desires to have a relationship, which is something intangible, with a man excessively. Example three Margaret found a place as nursery governess, and felt rich with her small salary.As she said, she was fond of luxury, and her chief trouble was poverty. She found it harder to bear than the others, because she could remember a time when home was beautiful, life full of ease and pleasure, and want of whatsoe ver kind unknown. She tried not to be envious or discontented. But it was very natural that the young girl should long for pretty things, gay friends, accomplishments, and a happy life. (Alcott 34) In this example Margaret has a desire for the nice things and she is reminiscent of a time when she had these things. Margaret wants something tangible in this example and I think there is sort of a felling of resentment at the fact that she doesnt have these things.Example four Noirtier indicated by a look a tray on which were standing a decanter of lemonade and a tumbler. Noirtier himself had drunk some of the lemonade half an hour before. Have some of the lemonade, Borrois, the girl said. I can see you are looking for at it with envious eyes. The fact is, mademoiselle, I am dying of thirst, and I shall be only too glad to drink your health in a glass of lemonade. (Dumas 454) In this example Borrois desirers to have some of the lemonade which is something tangible. I dont think that th ere is any type of resentment but only if a strong desire to have something that is not his or hers. The definition of the jealous is, Resentful or bitter in rivalry envious jealous of the success of others. (American Heritage Dictionary) The word jealous is the adjectival form of jealousy.The etymology for the word is that it comes from, Middle English jelous, from Old French gelos, jealous, zealous, from Vulgar Latin *zlsus, from Late Latin zlus, zeal. (American Heritage Dictionary) I think that the invariant meaning of the word jealous is to desire or want something that a rival has. For the word jealous I will analyze whether the word is used to draw and quarter a rival and I will look at if it is used with resentment. I believe that the word jealous could be marked for one of these things that is wherefore I chose these things to analyze. Example five All Dantess success has earned him some jealous enemies.The purser of his ship, Danglars, eants to become the captain of the Pharaon Fernand Mondego is in love with Dantess fiance his neighbor Caderousse is simply envious that Dantes is so much luckier in life than he has been. (Dumas 637) In this example both jealous and envious are used. I will analyze envious first and then I will analyze jealous. In this example when the author uses the word envious they are describing Caderousse desire to have the luck that Dantes has. Luck is an intangible thing and I dont think that there is any resement at the fact that Dantes has so much luck. With the example of jealous Dantess enemies, which are a rival, are resentful of the success that Dantes has had. Example six Miss Bingley saw, or suspected, enough to be jealous and her great anxiety for the recovery of her dear friend Jane received some assistance from her desire of getting rid of Elizabeth. (Austen 52)In this example you can see that Miss Bingley is jealous of someone else who is a rival. I think that there is also resentment in this example because whe n the author uses the word suspected it makes it have the appearance _or_ semblance as if Miss Bingley might be bitter about the thing she is jealous of. I think that the jealousy is directed towards another woman that Miss Bingley feel is a rival of hers. Example seven He patted me on the head but somehow, I didnt like him or his deep voice, and I was jealous that his hand should touch my mothers in touching me- which it did. I put it away as well as I could. (Dickens 21) In this example the son is jealous of this man that is invading his mothers and his personal time.I think that the man would be considered a rival because the boy and the man seem to be competing for the mothers attention. I would also say that the boy has a resentful tone towards the man and the jealousy is directed towards person. Example eight There was nothing too cool or banishlove in these circumstances, though much to create despair. Much too, you will think reader, to engender jealousy if a woman in my position could presume to be jealous of a woman in Miss Ingrams.But I was not jealous, or very rarely the nature of the pain I suffered could not be explained by the word. (Bronte 194) In this example the speaker is jealous of Miss Ingram and the position that she holds. Miss Ingram is someone who is a rival of the speakers and I think that there is resentment towards Miss Ingram because the speaker desires that persons position. Example nine In one of the windows over the garage the curtains had been moved aside a little, and Myrtle Wilson was peering down at the car.So absorb was she that she had no consciousness of being observed, and one emotion after another crept into her governance like objects into a slowly developing picture. Her expression was curiously familiar- it was an expression I had often seen on womens faces, but on Myrtle Wilsons face it seemed purposeless and inexplicable until I realized that her eyes, blanket(a) with jealous terror were not fixed on Tom, bu t on Jordan Baker, whom she took to be his wife. (Fitzgerald 99) In this example Myrtle is jealous of Jordan Baker who she believes is Toms wife. Myrtle was having an affair with Tom so this is why she is jealous of Jordan who she believes is his wife.Toms wife would be a rival to Myrtle and I also think that Myrtle is resentful in this example. Example ten Everything went on smoothly till the daytime before the fair opened then there occurred one of the little skirmished which it is almost impossible to avoid, when some five-and-twenty women, old and young, with all their private piques and prejudices, try to work together.May Chester was rather jealous of Amy because the latter was a greater favourite than herself and, just at this time, several trifling circumstances occurred to increase the feeling. (Alcott 283) In this example May wants to be liked as well as Amy is, and Amy is a rival to May in this passage. I think that May is resentful of Amy and she desires to have the pop ularity that Amy has.After analyzing both words and looking at several examples of their uses in literary texts I would say that jealous is marked for (+) rival and that envious is overlooked (+/-) rival. Whenever the word envious is used it refers to the person wanting something that is sometimes tangible andsometimes intangible, but it isnt usually used to refer to another person. Envious is sometimes used to refer to an object or an emotion that the other person wants. With the word jealous it is always used with reference to another person and it is always about wanting something that the other person has, and the person that it is referring to is always a rival of that person. whole kit Citedenvious and jealous. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 2000. www.bartleby.com/61/. April 27, 2008. Alcott, Louis May. Little Women. London Crown, 1954.Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York stochastic House, 1967. Bronte, Charlo tte. Jane Eyre. Toronto Bantan Books, 1995. Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage and Four Stories. New York Penguin Books, 1977.Dickens, Charles. David Copperfield. New York Random House, 1945. Dumas, Alexandre. The Count of Monte Cristo. London Bantan Books, 1963. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Penguin, 1994.