Phenotype How a Gene Is Expressed As a Physical Trait

Phenotype is defined as an organisms expressed physical traits. Phenotype is determined by an individuals genotype and expressed genes, random genetic variation, and environmental influences. Examples of an organisms phenotype include traits such as color, height, size, shape, and behavior. Phenotypes of  legumes include pod color, pod shape, pod size, seed color, seed shape, and seed size. Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype An organisms genotype determines its phenotype. All living organisms have DNA, which provides instructions for the production of molecules, cells, tissues, and organs. DNA contains the genetic code that is also responsible for the direction of all cellular functions including mitosis, DNA replication, protein synthesis, and molecule transportation. An organisms phenotype (physical traits and behaviors) are established by their inherited genes. Genes are certain segments of DNA that code for the production of proteins and determine distinct traits. Each gene is located on a chromosome and can exist in more than one form. These different forms are called alleles, which are positioned on specific locations on specific chromosomes. Alleles are transmitted from parents to offspring through sexual reproduction. Diploid organisms inherit two alleles for each gene; one allele from each parent. Interactions between alleles determine an organisms phenotype. If an organism inherits two of the same alleles for a particular trait, it is homozygous for that trait. Homozygous individuals express one phenotype for a given trait. If an organism inherits two different alleles for a particular trait, it is heterozygous for that trait. Heterozygous individuals may express more than one phenotype for a given trait. Traits can be dominant or recessive. In complete dominance inheritance patterns, the phenotype of the dominant trait will completely mask the phenotype of the recessive trait. There are also incidences when the relationships between different alleles dont exhibit complete dominance. In incomplete dominance, the dominant allele does not mask the other allele completely. This results in a phenotype that is a mixture of the phenotypes observed in both alleles. In co-dominace relationships, both alleles are fully expressed. This results in a phenotype in which both traits are independently observed. Genetic Relationship Trait Alleles Genotype Phenotype Complete Dominance Flower Color R - red, r - white Rr Red flower Incomplete Dominance Flower Color R - red, r - white Rr Pink flower Co-dominance Flower Color R - red, r - white Rr Red and white flower Phenotype and Genetic Variation Genetic variation can influence the phenotypes seen in a population. Genetic variation describes the gene changes of organisms in a population. These changes may be the result of DNA mutations. Mutations are changes in the gene sequences on DNA. Any change in the gene sequence can change the phenotype expressed in inherited alleles. Gene flow also contributes to genetic variation. When new organisms migrate into a population, new genes are introduced. The introduction of new alleles into the gene pool makes new gene combinations and different phenotypes possible. Different gene combinations are produced during meiosis. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes randomly segregate into different cells. Gene transfer may occur between homologous chromosomes through the process of crossing over. This recombining of genes can produce new phenotypes in a population.

Summary of the chapters... - 2005 Words

The Joy Luck Club 1/6/03 Ch1 Jing-Mei Woo: The Joy Luck Club In this chapter we are introduced to the Joy Luck Club which originated all the way back in China when Jing-Mei Woo s mother Suyuan was in the city of Kweilin. At the Joy Luck Club a group of old Chinese women sit around and eat and after that they sit down in a table to play a friendly game of Mah-Jong. At the Joy Luck Club there are 4 major members, Lindo Jong, Ying-ying St. Clair, An-Mei Hsu, and Suyuan Woo. In the beginning of the chapter we learn that Suyuan has died and Canning Woo, Jing-Mei s father and Suyuan s husband has asked Jing-Mei to take her mothers place at the Mah-Jong meeting. In this chapter we learn of how Suyuan had lived in China and during the war†¦show more content†¦At the Moon festival she watches a play about the Moon Lady whom she takes as the real person but then realizes her own stupidity and leaves the festival and if finally found by her family. An important part of this chapter is how Ying-ying ends it with the words I wished to be found. T hose words to me tell me how she wants to be closer to her daughter and if granted one wish from the Moon Lady that would be it. Ying-ying doesn t like how her daughter is ashamed of her and has abandoned all of their Chinese traditions In the prelude to The Twenty Six Malignant Gates I found it amusing to see how the little girl like all young children are headstrong and seem to think they are impervious to the dangers of real life and she ignores her mothers advice until it is too late when she falls off the bike like her mother said would happen 1/8/03 Ch 5 Waverly Jong- Rules of the Game In this chapter we learn about Waverly s life and how her mother has taught her the art of invisible strength which has allowed Waverly to do well in life especially in the world of Chess where she became National Chess Champion at a very young age. Waverly however hates her mother for even though she adopted her mother s quality of invisible strength she dislikes everything about her mother from their culture to the way her mother acts. Waverly unlike her mother doesn t like to brag about herself and is very upsetShow MoreRelatedChapter Summary : Fifth 774 Words   |  4 Pages Chapter 1 â€Å"Third† Chapter Summary The story starts off with a six year old boy named Ender. He has a monitor which is a device in which authorities can see the world through Enders eyes. That day he gets his monitor removed then returns to class. In class Ender gets teased by a boy named Stilson. Ender is very smart he hardly pays attention in class because he knows all the answer to all the questions. 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Widowhood Case Study Free Essays

A quick review of the case study suggests the following central issues: The impact that a chronic illness has on a marital relationship, and the burdens of taking care of the spouse, the initial stages of grief and bereavement after their passing, the transition from having a long term partner, to widowhood, and the likely outcomes that the subject will experience during her transition from married, to widowhood, to single-hood. Impact of Chronic Illness on Marital Relationships Chronic illness in anyone family can have many impacts, not only on the person who is ill, but on the family and care givers as well. More importantly, it can affect children and spouses’ emotionally and physically. We will write a custom essay sample on Widowhood Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Clara’s case, there is a very high possibility that her relationship with her husband experienced a considerable change in relationship and sexual satisfaction. There have been studies done in the past that state, â€Å"Although spouses of chronic pain patients showed no more physical symptoms than spouses of diabetics, they reported significantly more pain symptoms that were related to elevated levels of depressed mood. † (Herta Florb, 2002) The depression felt because of her husbands chronic illness, is likely the reason why she pulled away from her family, and friends. She likely did not want them to see her in that state, and wanted them to think that she was strong, and could handle it. However, other parts of the studies have indicated that â€Å"not only is chronic pain associated with problems in the marital relationship but heightened distress and physical symptoms in spouses as well. † (Herta Florb, 2002) The effects are not so much the reality of a chronic pain problem, but instead a manner for paitents and spouses to cope with the situation. Burdens of care giving and the initial stages of grief and bereavement This leads us to the topic of the burden of caregiving. There is a large impact on ones emotional and physical well being. Women’s greater focus on the emotional side of the caring relationship and on reaching standards of what they consider good care, †¦this is â€Å"not to be confused with how much a spouse cares about her partner† (Connidis, 2010, p. 88). In the case of Clara, there is an assumption that she cared deeply for her husband, but was focused on his needs, and taking care of him, and this may have put great strain, on their marriage, because she may have felt a sense of disdain in the final days of her husbands life. Possibly blamed him for her being out of touch with her family, and friends, and not having circle of people around her to help take care of her during the initial stages of grief and bereavement once her husband passes. There are generally 5 main stages of grief that someone feels when dealing with a loss, however when going through a loss as large as that of a spouse, it is more likely that one will go through each stage in a more defined way. Shortly after the death, there is the Numbness denial – this is the feeling of shock and disbelief. Even though in Clara’s case she knew that this day would come, she still likely will have gone through this stage. The next stage is yearning anger – this happens when the main shock has worn off, and one would long for the lost loved one, and one may even feel a sense of anger and thinking that there could have been something more that coul dhave been done. Next comes emotional despair sadness- this is mostly a long period of tru bereavement. The point when the reality that that person, in this case Clara’s husband is truly gone. This brings one to the reorganization stage – this is when the widow will earn how to deal with practical businss of living, without your loved one at your side. This is also when the sun may start to shine a little more each day in ones life, and also a time when outside sources of support will likely be reeived with open arms. Lastly is the stage of letting go moving on. This is often when the sadness starts to fade into the background, and new interests take on importance. Experience of widowhood In the case of Clara, widowhood was not likely sudden, as it often is for elderly people. She acted as a caregiver for her husband who had a chronic illness, and likely was warned by doctors, family, and friends, to prepare her for his passing. Since Clara was restricted, from family and friends, by caring for her husband, she was likely the sole caregiver, her husband’s passing although saddening, may also have been seen by her as relief. â€Å"Caring for a departed spouse allows some widowed persons to anticipate their loss and to feel some relief in their death† (Connidis, 2010, p. 106). This relief may be seen as the beginning of her transition to single life. Transition into widowhood Becoming widowed can be a difficult and sometimes devastating life transition. â€Å"Because women remain much more likely than men to be widowed, widowhood is often considered a women’s issue,† (Connidis, 2010, p. 108). Based on psychological studeies that have been done, the initial stage of bereavment, can last anywhere from two to four years. This is generally seen as a period of mourning, and can be â€Å"characterized initlaly by profound psychological disorganization† (Connidis, 2010, p. 08) Often times, and possibly in Clara’s case, this is also an opportunity to rebuild relationships that may have been hindered during the state of spousal care, by leaning on family and friends during the emotional pain, grief, and loss, as well as slowly taking part in groups of people who had experienced similar transitions in their lives. A great defenition given by a widow is this: â€Å"Joan Didion (2005) describes the year after her husband’s death as one of magical thinking during which she felt invisible and understood only by others who were in the same situation. † (Connidis, 2010, P. 09) Outcomes Clara like other widows and widowers will experience a great influx of emotions and changes after the passing of her husband. Based on conversations that I personally have had with counselors who focus on loss, they encourage people to broaden their social circles again, once they have come out of the fog of the loss of their loved one. In many cases, family and â€Å"friends emerge as important network members in widowhood†¦widows are more likely than the married to consider a friend both a confidant and a companion, and friends occupy a larger portion of these networks among widowed persons. (Connidis, 2010, p. 114) As for Clara, perhaps her and her husband had children that had pulled away because of the long term illness of their dad and they may now be spending more time with their mother. If children are in the picture, Clara now has time to spend with her grandchildren perhaps. She may go out and join social groups, such as knitting circles, church groups, exercise groups for seniors, or even take on a volunteering position. These are all acts to assist her in getting out of the house. Assuming that Clara is now living in a large house all alone, perhaps she will move into a facility for seniors, where she can have her own apartment type living quarters, but also where there are activities that she can partake in with other widows, and widowers. Often when a parent becomes widowed, they will take up residence with the children; this will often be seen as â€Å"the parent helping the child out†, not the other way around. In Clara’s case, because she lives far away from her family, there is a high possibility that she will sell the home that her and her husband had resided in, and re locate so that she can be closer to her family. This will allow her to reconnect with her children, and grandchildren. This may however be a very hard move for her to endure, as she will be leaving behind friends that she may have had where her and her husband had lived. However, moving to a new place, with new people, and new activities will act as a fresh start for Clara. This could be a while new life for her to live, even at the age of 80. Many people still have lots of gumption in them, at that age, and are still looking for companionship, and to be loved. As can be found on a website for seniors, â€Å"The sex need to some people is romance, companionship, and closeness–often the need for actual sex is quite minimal. In other people the need is quite strong. When we lose our spouse, we lose our sexual partner and our feelings can be anything from the desire to shun sex for the rest of our lives to powerful needs, and anything in-between. Sexual feelings after being widowed are quite common and the feelings should not make us feel guilty† (Diehm, 2000) In closing, nothing can prepare anyone for the shock and grief of widowhood, even when we know it is impending. One of the myths of mourning is that is has an ending point, and that if we wait long enough, it will stop hurting. Unfortunately it doesn’t. As we have discussed in this paper, it is important to work through the various phases of grief and it will eventually get better, and we no longer allow it to paralyze us. The important thing is to live our lives to the fullest, and enjoy each day knowing that the person we have lost is with us in our hearts, enjoying each day that we live in their memory. How to cite Widowhood Case Study, Free Case study samples

A Sample Human Dignity and Racial Discrimination Act

Question - Explain why you believe that human dignity is a critical factor ? Answer - Introduction: The main principles of human rights are that all human beings have the freedom of speech and with equal dignity in their rights from their birth. Any kind of discrimination or even persecution on the aspects of race, sex or color and can be termed as a violation of this principle. This racial discrimination can be of the most severe type which may lead to the most brutal and institutional forms of racisms where certain racial or ethnic groups that are restricted from the freedom to any type of civil, political, economic, social and also cultural rights as the various other people of the society (Kateb G. 2011). The term race is defined as a sector of people who have a common ancestry but are different from others in relation to their physical appearance such as the color of their eyes, skin hair type, etc. In international law the term race is used often to distinguish between the different types of people the basis of their language, culture, religion, ethnicity and also their socia l groupings (Langford M. et.al 2013). The term racial discrimination can be defined as any restriction, exclusion or preference that is related to the terms of race, descent, color or origin which aims at impairing the recognition or exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social or cultural field of public life. Therefore racial discrimination is a major problem in the world toady regards to the human rights which include both the lesser section and sometimes even the majority populations. However this struggle the difficulties faced by the ethnic and racial conflict has continued over a long period of time which also faced the worst ethnic conflicts that the world ever experienced. Hence in the later paragraphs two main perspectives are explained in detail. The first perspective being that very individual has the freedom of speech which is very important and essential for protecting human rights. This is believed because if a person cannot speak freely then they will not be able to draw the attention of the world for fighting against the violation of human rights and dignity (Evans G. 2008). The second perspective explains that all human beings have equal rights to freedom from racial discrimination that cause any harm to the extent that they control an individuals freedom to participate in the society and also not to violate dignity and restrict the law. Perspective 1: This perspective of human rights focuses on the rights that people to seek, obtain and receive information about all the human rights and its violations. The states should make sure that the people are able to peacefully protest, circulate and also publicize the information and help in criticizing the failures of the government to protect and promote these human rights. In a democracy the rights to freedom of expression is extremely crucial as it helps in informing political debate of various information and ideas that are essential for public accountability and also in transparency in the government (Tasioulas J. 2012). This freedom of right of expression involves the freedom to give and take ideas without any state interference. The right to freedom of expression includes written and oral communications, media, public protest, broadcasting and commercial advertising. It also includes certain responsibilities and is restricted in many aspects. This includes the rights to communicate and express oneself in any form that include words, pictures, images and actions through demonstrations (Corradetti, C. 2012). This expression also protects different types of rights that include political expression which include comment on the interest of the public then also in the artistic expression and commercial expression that often raises the legal public debate and concern. Hence to make sure that this debate and freedom of expression is possible there should be the protection for the elements of a free press or media that also include protection of journalistic sources. There would be no meaning to the rights of free expression if they only protected certain types of expression. These limitations that are subjected to the right will protect both the popular as well as the unpopular expression which include freedom of speech. Hence the relation of free expression usually involves restrictions on publications and penalties like crimina lizing speech which required the journalists to reveal their sources and impose few disciplinary measures (Ernst. G. et al 2011). Therefore this freedom of expression also had certain limitations in carrying out its duties and responsibilities which were stated by the law and was necessary and proportionate so as to pursue legal aims that are in the interests of the nations security and also for the public safety. They also help in preventing disorder or crime in the society and also in the protection of health and morals. It also limits the right to protect the image of others which stops providing the information given by the authority to maintain confidence and impartiality of the judiciary as stated by Brems E. (2009). The perspective also argues that the use of human dignity beyond a basic extent does not always provide a very universalistic basis for judicial decision in this context. This states that the level of understanding the process of dignity requires within or across the various jurisdictions. Hence the meaning of dignity varies from jurisdiction to other jurisdiction and the role of human dignity is very essential in the development of human rights and not in providing a content to human rights but by also contributing to methods of human rights interpretation (Gardiner S. 2013). Many reports state that the government argues for an Asian concept of human rights (Etinson, A 2015). The research project also analyses the relationship of cultural values to human rights to provide equal bases for an appropriate appreciation of human rights in the context of Asia. Perspective 2: This perspective of human dignity highlights that every human being has a right to freedom from racial vilification as these can cause major offense even to the extent that they limit a persons freedom to be an active member in society and this is considered to violate human dignity (Crisp. R (2014). The main aim of this act was to explore the challenges that were made for the defenders of freedom of speech of expression by promoting racism through speech. It was clearly mentioned that this collection of the freedom of expression would also restrict the freedom to justify censorship in the interests of the racial inequality and to eliminate racial discrimination. It also highlights that any right to protect such behavior has its concern towards the interest of freedom because when there is racial vilification then people are subject to the torture and harassment which reduces the enjoyment of individual freedom (Henkin L 2009). This in turn has very serious health effects that can be seen for people with the racial vilification (Holder C (2013). The impact of racial abuse can create many physiological symptoms like fear, pulse rate going high and difficulty in breathing. Therefore too much exposure can also result in conditions like hypertension, nightmares, post-traumatic stress disorders and even suicides. It can also be said racism can also cause harm in the modern society because their identity is not because of what they are but also because of their own dignity which is shaped by the people around them. The people who are at the receiving end of the abuse feel more of anger and humiliation and of self re-approach. These victims of racial abuse although might try and resist it start to absorb the feelings of hatred and of inferiority and this in turn leads to the well meaning members of the society to start believing that the victims are not worthy of any form of respect or trust (Hayden P. 2001). There was a later development of a law that became inevitab le of the intellectual and emotional life which came into existence and also made it clear to the people that pain or happiness relied on the physical aspects of life. Many researchers also described how racism was unsafe especially at night or in public places. Hence it also helped in demonstrating the impact that racism had on freedom of speech and highlighted about the Australians that how they enjoyed their freedom to live on a daily basis. Therefore Cruft R. et al (2015) concluded that racism had an impact on the persons self perception in which people began to accept their own qualities of inferiority and how to get their way out in exercising their freedom in a more positive way. There are also few prohibitions that are related to racial discrimination which specify that it is unlawful in nature and they have equal and lawful rights for the access to places and facilities and also to other land, housing and other accommodations. They also have the rights to join trade unions. Therefore the Racial Discrimination Act of 1975 is amended as follows: Section 18C is repealed Section 18B, 18D and 18E are also repealed The following section is inserted. The Government Party Room this morning approved reforms to theRacial Discrimination Act 1975(the Act), which will strengthen the Acts protections against racism, while at the same time removing provisions which unreasonably limit freedomof speech. Therefore it is important to consider human dignity as a means to higher education institutions who continue to identify it as a key value of ethical issues that the students face and how they are often involved in appealing to human dignity and the religious connotations that have come to be associated within them. Nevertheless King J (2012) concluded that there have been many discussions for the concept of human dignity to be removed from ethical discourse as it is of no help. In other words it could be said that dignity is not useful when it leads to dignity talk and also when there is a disagreement about something human beings have to say or something that is seen through human activity where people think is really at a major risk. Also this theory explains the need for understanding human dignity that holds the value of the human person as a multi-dimensional, and who is faced with difficult moral choices through which he or she makes meaning in his or her life. This theory has both descriptive value in helping us to understand why people do certain things and also in helping us evaluate what should be done. The concept of multi-dimensional poverty acknowledges the fact that this concept should extend beyond the economic well being of every individual that also include other aspects like health, education, political and social dimensions and the other relevant issues which are highly important for the overall well being of an individual said Gilabert, P. (2011). Moreover, it will have to demonstrate that the concept offers something more to ethics than any of the individual features. To conclude this section, it must be affirmed that there is a problem. The way in which human dignity is frequently used in contemporary ethical discourse the rise of dignity talk is a problem because it means we are more often faced with unconstructive matches than with clear and constructive ethical statements. Conclusion The concept of human rights provides a framework for dealing with abuses and also in holding government responsible for them. It also refers to the theoretical and practical application of general human rights principles to the people and focuses mainly on the attention on discrimination and social exclusion. Therefore Finnis J (2011). It also recognizes the rights and draws concepts of loyalty by which it also attributes human rights abuse in all the settings of the persons freedom and equality. It also includes the rights to decent work conditions and freedom of association and derives it from universal and inherent human. References Brems, E., 2009. Human Rights: Minimum and Maximum Perspectives,Human Rights Law Review, Corradetti, C. (ed.), 2012.Philosophical Dimensions of Human Rights, New York: Springer. Crisp. R (ed.) 2014.Griffin on Human Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cruft. R., Liao, S and Renzo, M (eds.) forthcoming 2015.Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ernst. G. and Heilinger, J. (eds.), 2011.The Philosophy of Human Rights: Contemporary Controversies, Berlin: De Gruyter 2011. Etinson, A. (ed.), forthcoming 2015.Human Rights: Moral or Political?, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Evans, G., 2008.The Responsibility to Protect, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Evans. M. and Murray, R. (eds.), 2011.The African Charter on Human and People's Rights, 2nd edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Finnis, J., 2011.Natural Law and Natural Rights, 2nd edn., Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gardiner. S. 2013 Human Rights in a Hostile Climate, in Holder C and Reidy, D. (eds.), 2013.Human Rights: The Hard Questions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 211230. Gilabert, P. 2011. Humanist and Political Perspectives on Human Rights,Political Theory39: 439467. Hayden, P. (ed.), 2001.The Philosophy of Human Rights, St. Paul, MN: Paragon Press. Henkin, L., Neuman, G., Orentlicher, D. and Leebron, D. (eds.), 2009.Human Rights, 2nd end., New York: Foundation Press. Holder C. and Reidy .D. (eds.), 2013.Human Rights: The Hard Questions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jacobs. F. and White, R. 2010.The European Convention on Human Rights, 5th edn., Oxford: Clarendon Press. Joseph, S., Schultz, J.,and Castan, M. (eds.), 2013.The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Cases, Materials, and Commentary, 3rd edn., New York: Oxford University Press. Kateb, G., 2011.Human Dignity, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press King, J., 2012.Judging Social Rights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Langford M. et.al.(eds.), 2013.The Millenium Development Goals and Human Rights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Liao M. and Etinson,A. 2012. Political and Naturalistic Conceptions of Human Rights: A False Polemic?,Journal of Moral Philosophy9: 327352. Moyn S., 2010.The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Raz, J., 2010. Human Rights without Foundations in Besson, S., and Tasioulas, J. (eds.),The Philosophy of International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Schabas, W., 2011.An Introduction to the International Criminal Court, 4th edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tasioulas, J., 2012. On the Nature of Human Rights, in Ernst, G. and Heilinger, J. (eds.), 2011. The Philosophy of Human Rights: Contemporary Controversies, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter: 1759