Brazilian Culture Essay -- Cultural Identity Essays

By living in the United States of America, most of us are daily witnesses to the differences of cultures. From European to Mexican to Swedish cultures, you name it, Americans see it all, hear it all, and even taste it all. But we don’t always get a close look into other cultures—sometimes they just cross our paths. However, it is still important for us to learn about be knowledgeable about other cultures. Once such culture that has much to be learned from is the culture in Brazil. Brazilian culture is perhaps one of the most interesting cultures to learn about because it is so rich and diverse. Brazil alone is separated into five different regions which all encompass different customs and cultural aspects. (10) The following is an account of many aspects of the Brazilian culture and sources to help you learn more about the marvelous Brazil. Applicable National Standards for Geography Through this study of Brazilian culture the reader will be able to use the National Standard, "Knows and understands that culture and experience influence people’s perceptions of places and experience." Through historical accounts, statistical facts, and cultural information the reader will gain his own perception of Brazil and the experiences one can have there. The differences discussed will also help him to, "Knows and understand the complexity of the earth’s cultural mosaic." As Americans it is so important for us to understand others differences and to accept them as additions and benefits to our society. By learning about another nation and its roots the reader will understand how wide our differences stretch and how much they bring us together. Brazil at a Glance (6) Full Country Name: Federal Republic of Brazil ... ... 2005) (4) "History." The History of Brazilian Carnival. http://www.unikey.com.br (Apr 6, 2005) (5) Information Services of the Brazilian Embassy. "Brazil in Brief." Brazilian Embassy. 1998. http://brasil.emb.nw.dc.us/bzeduind.htm (Apr 14, 2005) (6) Lonely Planet Publications. "Destination Brazil." Lonelyplanet on-line. 1998. http://lonelyplanet.com/dest/sam/bra.htm (8 Apr 2005) (7) Morales, Walter. "Enjoy This Virtual Trip to Brazil." The Wonders of Brazil. 1998. http://psg.com~walter/brasil.html (Apr 15, 2005) (8) Paulo, S. "Revelry Rules the Jolly Season." Net Estado. 1998. http://estado.com.br/edicao/especial/carnaval/canabre.html (Apr 4, 2005) (9) Thomson, Shelia. "Maria Brazil." 1998. http://maria-brazil.org/ (Apr 14, 2005) (10) "Map of Brazil." http://www.usbrazil.com/mapbr.htm (Apr 15, 2005)

How Thomas Hardy portrays women in his stories Essay

The three stories all have very social, historical and cultural impacts on the women of the time. â€Å"The Withered Arm†, is about a woman’s, struggle to cure her withered arm and the jealousy felt by Rhoda who had been used by the farmer in the past and had born his child. Gertrude’s fear of loosing her husband and her superstition make her carry out actions that result in her death. The next story, â€Å"The Distracted Preacher†, is about an independent woman called Lizzy and the choice she has to make. She is involved in smuggling and the head of the gang but is offered a different life by Minister Stockdale, who asks her to marry him and leave. She decides to stay but gets caught and suffers for some years till he returns and offers again to marry him, this time she accepts but only because of circumstances. The third story, â€Å"The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion†, is about a shy, naive middle class woman called Phyllis and her fight between her conscience, her fathers desire and her true love. She chooses her conscience and in the end loses everything. The Withered Arm has two main female roles: Rhoda Brooks and Gertrude Lodge. They both have very different backgrounds; Rhoda is the poor working class woman while Gertrude is the pretty upper middle class women. Rhoda has to work for her son and herself just to eat; she has no husband and so is an outcast from society and has to keep herself to herself. Because of this she has no male role model for her son. Rhoda is a â€Å"thin, fading women of thirty†, which emphasises how hard she works and how tiring her life is. In comparison Gertrude is the typical married middle class woman, with lots of time on her hands. She is youthful and pretty, â€Å"soft and evanescent†, which is why Farmer Lodge married her. Rhoda has a very wicked side, which shows itself when Gertrude arrives in town. She becomes jealous and wants to know all about the well-awaited new wife. She becomes obsessed with her and makes her son find out about Gertrude and follow her, â€Å"Then do you go to Holmstoke church to-morrow: she’s sure to be there†. This jealousy links in with the superstition of that time when Rhoda’s dream about Gertrude having a withered arm comes true. At that time everyone believed each village had it’s own witch. The witch could curse victims and make limbs wither or in extreme cases fall off. From this we can see how worried Rhoda would have been, believing she was a witch, â€Å"that I exercise malignant power against my own will? † This illustrates that Rhoda feel sympathetic for Gertrude and responsible for her arm. She fears what she might do to her and what may happen if she is a witch. Even though she has this evil side, you see that she does contain some sympathetic qualities. For example Rhoda recognises the â€Å"gruesome fascination† which leads her to find Gertrude but she is unwilling to tell her where to find Conjuror Trendle for fear that she will lose Gertrude’s friendship. Hardy shows Rhoda’s point of view throughout the story so you feel sympathetic especially when we find the dead boy is her son. She is very independent and strong so in the end wants nothing to do with Farmer Lodge and the fling therefore refuses his sympathy vote and doesn’t accept his money. Gertrude starts by being very kind and loving, she gives Rhoda’s son some shoes and befriends Rhoda and creates a close relationship with her. Rhoda appears concerned; particularly about Gertrude’s imagined rejection by her husband. Her personality changes for the worst when her arm becomes withered. Gertrude relies on Rhoda for a concerned understanding of the growing separation between herself and her husband, who â€Å"knows the disfigurement is there. † The choice of the word â€Å"disfigurement† reveals his attitude to appearances. Social attitudes demanded that middle class women were beautiful and attractive. She turns vain and selfish, obsessed by her arm and the need to find a cure, â€Å"Her determination received a fillip. † She finds a treatable cure for the arm after trying so many. She’s now determined to try this one even though it involves such indignity. This is all too much for Gertrude when she finds out who the boy is in reality Rhoda’s son. She isn’t so vain and determined, she is actually very shocked and started to feel sympathy for the victim and in end the superstition and shock kills her. In the Distracted Preacher the main female role is Lizzy Newbury a middle class, strong-minded, character who, â€Å"was none the less independent†. This emphasises how Lizzy is able to lead her village in successful smuggling. She’s an attractive, local girl who can take on an immense job for a women in those times but Lizzy does it as well as any man could. Lizzy is a widower and looks after her mother, as well as the customers of her Lodge, where Mr Stockdale goes to stay. She values her job and sees nothing wrong with smuggling, â€Å"If a king who is nothing to us sends his people to steal out property, we have the right to steal it back†. This illustrates how Lizzy doesn’t care whether people think her smuggling is wrong she has reason to do it and she lives off the money and the adventure. The smuggling is tradition: â€Å"My father did it, and so did my grandfather, and almost everybody in Nether-Moynton lives by it, and life would be so dull if it wasn’t for that, that I should not care to live at all†. This shows that Lizzy is no ordinary woman she sticks with what she wants and doesn’t look up to men as a higher being besides she’s a decisive woman and gets her way. She needs to carry on even though her romance with Stockdale gets in the way because he doesn’t agree with it, so Lizzy uses vigorous but absurd arguments to justify her actions. To begin with Lizzy doesn’t want to go away with Stockdale and marrying him, â€Å"It is too much to ask. My whole life ha’ been passed in this way. † She needs to stay in Nether-Moynton where the adventure is and not do what normal females do. Later we see Lizzy’s resolve deteriorates; she needs Stockdale because the money earnt from smuggling runs out. After all her talk about needing smuggling and it being fine to do it, she says it wrong, â€Å"I own that we were wrong, said she. But I have suffered for it: I am very poor now,† Lizzy wants Stockdale now she is poor and worthless and Stockdale offers to take her away from her poverty. Lizzy gives in and takes this offer, then settles down to the married life she once hated the thought of living because of its lack of adventure and predictability. This ending is problematic as Lizzy changed her attitudes totally. This ending was also added for the readers. The story was published each week in a magazine. Hardy wrote the ending to please the audience and give them an ending most women would of taken. There is an alternative ending to this story that isn’t so problematic. This is that Lizzy would have married Owlett a member of the smuggling gang and immigrated to America. The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion has one main female role, that of Phyllis Grove an attractive middle class young lady. She is very quiet, keeps herself to herself and just likes to blend into society. She was a woman who lived her whole life without going further than the nearest market. The only family she has is her father so she has no female role model to guide her through life, this has made her very inexperienced in relationships, â€Å"though it is probable that she lost her heart to Matthaus before she is herself aware. † She never realised she was in love with Matthaus; she had never felt love before so never knew what this feeling was. She values her father’s opinion greatly and her father doesn’t like what’s going on between Matthaus and herself. He considers the soldiers merely â€Å"foreign fellows† who flatter young girls with â€Å"unmeaning attentions†. Phyllis finds Matthaus â€Å"refined and well-educated. † He is loving towards her, concerned about her loneliness, he does not put too much pressure on her to escape and marry him. She becomes very conscience stricken between the two men; will she go with her father’s choice (Humphrey) or her romance Matthaus? She decided the best thing to do was to conform to society and her father and marry Humphrey, â€Å"She would stay at home, and marry him, and suffer. † This shows that she is doing this for her father it wouldn’t be love but she could live with it for her families and the moneys sake. Later we see that Phyllis has a problem as Humphrey wants to marry another woman, Belle, and Matthaus and a friend gets shot for desertion. Poor Phyllis has now been torn from fighting between two men to being alone again. We see Phyllis’s life if effected by this, â€Å"while she lived she used to keep their mounds neat,† meaning Matthaus grave. This shows Phyllis’s love for Matthaus still carried on when he died and this tragedy deeply affected her. In the three stories I have read the four female characters all have similarities and differences. Gertrude is similar to all three characters. She is similar to Rhoda because they both believe in superstition and worry about what is happening to them due to it. Through the story we feel sympathy for them: for Gertrude with her withered arm and death and Rhoda for being a single parent and so an outcast and for when she sees Gertrude with her arm on her dead sons neck. The sympathy vote changes throughout the story between Rhoda and Gertrude. Gertrude is like Lizzy because they are both attractive, strong-minded women. Gertrude is different to Lizzy aswell as like her because Gertrude conforms to men’s expectations but Lizzy is independent and only relies on Stockdale at the end. Phyllis is probably most like Gertrude as they are both very traditional women characters for their times. They are weak women who become victims of men and the social influences of their time. Phyllis becomes a heart broken girl due to her fianci messing her around and her actual love being shot. Gertrude becomes obsessed and vain because her husband is disgusted by the fault with her arm and starts to love her less for it. Phyllis has a rich fianci and Gertrude has a rich husband. Lizzy is similar to Rhoda too because they are both strong-willed, independent women that can cope by themselves without men by their sides. This means Lizzy and Rhoda are both very different to Phyllis because she is timid and shy, she can be manipulated easily unlike Lizzy and Rhoda who manipulate other people. Phyllis’s character is very dependent as she does as she is told, conforming to society’s expectations. If things had gone to plan then her life would be totally taken care of without her lifting a finger, when we know Lizzy chose to be independent and Rhoda had to be independent to look after her family. In my view, I admire Lizzy because she is very outgoing and a leader, which shows women to be able to lead men in this world and she can still be attractive and feminine. She seems to put men in their places by refusing Stockdale’s offer of marriage instead of being a stereotypical woman of that time married, at home cooking, cleaning and looking after the children. She speaks her mind when she wants to stay because smuggling gives her adventure and when she tells Stockdale there nothing wrong with smuggling. This is why I like the alternative ending that Hardy mentions in his footnote when she goes to America because she doesn’t need the sympathy for being poor she stays strong and independent. Even though at the end I felt sorry for Rhoda because of her son, I was never fond of her character. She seemed evil throughout the story as if she had other secrets not yet revealed. Her character was very sneaky, holding things back from Gertrude when she was untruthful. I think Rhoda is to blame for all Gertrude’s problems: she placed the curse and took Gertrude to Conjuror Trendle and she paid the price of that horrendous sight. This all made me very sympathetic towards Gertrude and I know how if feels to be superficially stereotyped. She never did anything to Rhoda and died as a consequence to Rhoda’s jealousy. I also sympathise with Phyllis because men ruined her life, her life was ruined by the society’s strict rules at that time to do the right thing and marry for position and money, and the shooting for desertion of her true love. Men have a great impact on women and can make our lives fun, yet some men make our lives more misery than fun. In my opinion Hardy portrays women with respect, he makes them strong and independent, manly in a sense. In the early 1800s women all had their places in the world, which was in the home. Hardy brought these women out of their world and into the beginning of our not so sexist England today. Men and Society had the main impact on women of this era; I believe this is why Hardy’s stories were loved in this age. Women could read them and think that they had a greater role in this era and they were more intelligent than men thought. I also believe men should have read these books to see how independent and important women are to this world. It was very important for women of this era to get their thoughts and strengths across to the world, so they could begin to live as equals to men.

The Globalization of White Collar Crimes An Inside Look...

The Globalization of White Collar Crimes: An Inside Look of How Fraud, Embezzlement, Cybercrime, Identity Theft and Forgery Are Increasing World-Wide In this paper I will examine some of the aspects of white collar crimes such as: fraud, embezzlement, cybercrimes, identity theft and forgery. I will explain what each of these are pertaining to criminal justice and how they relate to one another. And I will conclude by how each of these topics are growing into global problems. According to Criminal-Law-Lawyer-Source.com â€Å"Fraud is the act of deliberately deceiving another individual or group in order to secure an unfair or unlawful personal gain at the expense of that party.† Fraud may be either civil or criminal offenses and many times†¦show more content†¦In conclusion white collar crimes has many components to it. All of which has to do with either falsifying something or having money and/or your identity stolen. As long as the technology keeps on advancing it ju st makes it that much easier for criminals to get their hands on more and more of innocent peoples belongings. So when you think that you wont be a victim of a white collar crime just remember to think again. Florida IC3 2010 Internet Crime Report Complaint Characteristics In 2010 IC3 received a total of 19878 complaints from the state of Florida. Top Referred Complaint Categories from Florida Identity Theft 20.9% Non Delivery of Merchandise /Payment 18.0% Credit Card Fraud 12.9% Auction Fraud 8.8% Miscellaneous Consumer Fraud 7.4% Computer Fraud 6.9% SPAM 3.5% Advanced Fee Fraud 3.4% Overpayment Fraud 3.2% Relationship Fraud 2.3% Amount Lost by Fraud Type for Individuals Reporting Monetary Loss Complaint Type Median loss per complaint Identity Theft $1000.00 Non Delivery of Merchandise /Payment $950.00 Credit Card Fraud $214.97 Auction Fraud $450.00 Miscellaneous Consumer Fraud $512.00 Computer Fraud $1000.00 SPAM $1507.00 Advanced Fee Fraud $1316.24 Overpayment Fraud $2526.00 Relationship Fraud

Phenotype How a Gene Is Expressed As a Physical Trait

Phenotype is defined as an organisms expressed physical traits. Phenotype is determined by an individuals genotype and expressed genes, random genetic variation, and environmental influences. Examples of an organisms phenotype include traits such as color, height, size, shape, and behavior. Phenotypes of  legumes include pod color, pod shape, pod size, seed color, seed shape, and seed size. Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype An organisms genotype determines its phenotype. All living organisms have DNA, which provides instructions for the production of molecules, cells, tissues, and organs. DNA contains the genetic code that is also responsible for the direction of all cellular functions including mitosis, DNA replication, protein synthesis, and molecule transportation. An organisms phenotype (physical traits and behaviors) are established by their inherited genes. Genes are certain segments of DNA that code for the production of proteins and determine distinct traits. Each gene is located on a chromosome and can exist in more than one form. These different forms are called alleles, which are positioned on specific locations on specific chromosomes. Alleles are transmitted from parents to offspring through sexual reproduction. Diploid organisms inherit two alleles for each gene; one allele from each parent. Interactions between alleles determine an organisms phenotype. If an organism inherits two of the same alleles for a particular trait, it is homozygous for that trait. Homozygous individuals express one phenotype for a given trait. If an organism inherits two different alleles for a particular trait, it is heterozygous for that trait. Heterozygous individuals may express more than one phenotype for a given trait. Traits can be dominant or recessive. In complete dominance inheritance patterns, the phenotype of the dominant trait will completely mask the phenotype of the recessive trait. There are also incidences when the relationships between different alleles dont exhibit complete dominance. In incomplete dominance, the dominant allele does not mask the other allele completely. This results in a phenotype that is a mixture of the phenotypes observed in both alleles. In co-dominace relationships, both alleles are fully expressed. This results in a phenotype in which both traits are independently observed. Genetic Relationship Trait Alleles Genotype Phenotype Complete Dominance Flower Color R - red, r - white Rr Red flower Incomplete Dominance Flower Color R - red, r - white Rr Pink flower Co-dominance Flower Color R - red, r - white Rr Red and white flower Phenotype and Genetic Variation Genetic variation can influence the phenotypes seen in a population. Genetic variation describes the gene changes of organisms in a population. These changes may be the result of DNA mutations. Mutations are changes in the gene sequences on DNA. Any change in the gene sequence can change the phenotype expressed in inherited alleles. Gene flow also contributes to genetic variation. When new organisms migrate into a population, new genes are introduced. The introduction of new alleles into the gene pool makes new gene combinations and different phenotypes possible. Different gene combinations are produced during meiosis. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes randomly segregate into different cells. Gene transfer may occur between homologous chromosomes through the process of crossing over. This recombining of genes can produce new phenotypes in a population.

Summary of the chapters... - 2005 Words

The Joy Luck Club 1/6/03 Ch1 Jing-Mei Woo: The Joy Luck Club In this chapter we are introduced to the Joy Luck Club which originated all the way back in China when Jing-Mei Woo s mother Suyuan was in the city of Kweilin. At the Joy Luck Club a group of old Chinese women sit around and eat and after that they sit down in a table to play a friendly game of Mah-Jong. At the Joy Luck Club there are 4 major members, Lindo Jong, Ying-ying St. Clair, An-Mei Hsu, and Suyuan Woo. In the beginning of the chapter we learn that Suyuan has died and Canning Woo, Jing-Mei s father and Suyuan s husband has asked Jing-Mei to take her mothers place at the Mah-Jong meeting. In this chapter we learn of how Suyuan had lived in China and during the war†¦show more content†¦At the Moon festival she watches a play about the Moon Lady whom she takes as the real person but then realizes her own stupidity and leaves the festival and if finally found by her family. An important part of this chapter is how Ying-ying ends it with the words I wished to be found. T hose words to me tell me how she wants to be closer to her daughter and if granted one wish from the Moon Lady that would be it. Ying-ying doesn t like how her daughter is ashamed of her and has abandoned all of their Chinese traditions In the prelude to The Twenty Six Malignant Gates I found it amusing to see how the little girl like all young children are headstrong and seem to think they are impervious to the dangers of real life and she ignores her mothers advice until it is too late when she falls off the bike like her mother said would happen 1/8/03 Ch 5 Waverly Jong- Rules of the Game In this chapter we learn about Waverly s life and how her mother has taught her the art of invisible strength which has allowed Waverly to do well in life especially in the world of Chess where she became National Chess Champion at a very young age. 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Widowhood Case Study Free Essays

A quick review of the case study suggests the following central issues: The impact that a chronic illness has on a marital relationship, and the burdens of taking care of the spouse, the initial stages of grief and bereavement after their passing, the transition from having a long term partner, to widowhood, and the likely outcomes that the subject will experience during her transition from married, to widowhood, to single-hood. Impact of Chronic Illness on Marital Relationships Chronic illness in anyone family can have many impacts, not only on the person who is ill, but on the family and care givers as well. More importantly, it can affect children and spouses’ emotionally and physically. We will write a custom essay sample on Widowhood Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Clara’s case, there is a very high possibility that her relationship with her husband experienced a considerable change in relationship and sexual satisfaction. There have been studies done in the past that state, â€Å"Although spouses of chronic pain patients showed no more physical symptoms than spouses of diabetics, they reported significantly more pain symptoms that were related to elevated levels of depressed mood. † (Herta Florb, 2002) The depression felt because of her husbands chronic illness, is likely the reason why she pulled away from her family, and friends. She likely did not want them to see her in that state, and wanted them to think that she was strong, and could handle it. However, other parts of the studies have indicated that â€Å"not only is chronic pain associated with problems in the marital relationship but heightened distress and physical symptoms in spouses as well. † (Herta Florb, 2002) The effects are not so much the reality of a chronic pain problem, but instead a manner for paitents and spouses to cope with the situation. Burdens of care giving and the initial stages of grief and bereavement This leads us to the topic of the burden of caregiving. There is a large impact on ones emotional and physical well being. Women’s greater focus on the emotional side of the caring relationship and on reaching standards of what they consider good care, †¦this is â€Å"not to be confused with how much a spouse cares about her partner† (Connidis, 2010, p. 88). In the case of Clara, there is an assumption that she cared deeply for her husband, but was focused on his needs, and taking care of him, and this may have put great strain, on their marriage, because she may have felt a sense of disdain in the final days of her husbands life. Possibly blamed him for her being out of touch with her family, and friends, and not having circle of people around her to help take care of her during the initial stages of grief and bereavement once her husband passes. There are generally 5 main stages of grief that someone feels when dealing with a loss, however when going through a loss as large as that of a spouse, it is more likely that one will go through each stage in a more defined way. Shortly after the death, there is the Numbness denial – this is the feeling of shock and disbelief. Even though in Clara’s case she knew that this day would come, she still likely will have gone through this stage. The next stage is yearning anger – this happens when the main shock has worn off, and one would long for the lost loved one, and one may even feel a sense of anger and thinking that there could have been something more that coul dhave been done. Next comes emotional despair sadness- this is mostly a long period of tru bereavement. The point when the reality that that person, in this case Clara’s husband is truly gone. This brings one to the reorganization stage – this is when the widow will earn how to deal with practical businss of living, without your loved one at your side. This is also when the sun may start to shine a little more each day in ones life, and also a time when outside sources of support will likely be reeived with open arms. Lastly is the stage of letting go moving on. This is often when the sadness starts to fade into the background, and new interests take on importance. Experience of widowhood In the case of Clara, widowhood was not likely sudden, as it often is for elderly people. She acted as a caregiver for her husband who had a chronic illness, and likely was warned by doctors, family, and friends, to prepare her for his passing. Since Clara was restricted, from family and friends, by caring for her husband, she was likely the sole caregiver, her husband’s passing although saddening, may also have been seen by her as relief. â€Å"Caring for a departed spouse allows some widowed persons to anticipate their loss and to feel some relief in their death† (Connidis, 2010, p. 106). This relief may be seen as the beginning of her transition to single life. Transition into widowhood Becoming widowed can be a difficult and sometimes devastating life transition. â€Å"Because women remain much more likely than men to be widowed, widowhood is often considered a women’s issue,† (Connidis, 2010, p. 108). Based on psychological studeies that have been done, the initial stage of bereavment, can last anywhere from two to four years. This is generally seen as a period of mourning, and can be â€Å"characterized initlaly by profound psychological disorganization† (Connidis, 2010, p. 08) Often times, and possibly in Clara’s case, this is also an opportunity to rebuild relationships that may have been hindered during the state of spousal care, by leaning on family and friends during the emotional pain, grief, and loss, as well as slowly taking part in groups of people who had experienced similar transitions in their lives. A great defenition given by a widow is this: â€Å"Joan Didion (2005) describes the year after her husband’s death as one of magical thinking during which she felt invisible and understood only by others who were in the same situation. † (Connidis, 2010, P. 09) Outcomes Clara like other widows and widowers will experience a great influx of emotions and changes after the passing of her husband. Based on conversations that I personally have had with counselors who focus on loss, they encourage people to broaden their social circles again, once they have come out of the fog of the loss of their loved one. In many cases, family and â€Å"friends emerge as important network members in widowhood†¦widows are more likely than the married to consider a friend both a confidant and a companion, and friends occupy a larger portion of these networks among widowed persons. (Connidis, 2010, p. 114) As for Clara, perhaps her and her husband had children that had pulled away because of the long term illness of their dad and they may now be spending more time with their mother. If children are in the picture, Clara now has time to spend with her grandchildren perhaps. She may go out and join social groups, such as knitting circles, church groups, exercise groups for seniors, or even take on a volunteering position. These are all acts to assist her in getting out of the house. Assuming that Clara is now living in a large house all alone, perhaps she will move into a facility for seniors, where she can have her own apartment type living quarters, but also where there are activities that she can partake in with other widows, and widowers. Often when a parent becomes widowed, they will take up residence with the children; this will often be seen as â€Å"the parent helping the child out†, not the other way around. In Clara’s case, because she lives far away from her family, there is a high possibility that she will sell the home that her and her husband had resided in, and re locate so that she can be closer to her family. This will allow her to reconnect with her children, and grandchildren. This may however be a very hard move for her to endure, as she will be leaving behind friends that she may have had where her and her husband had lived. However, moving to a new place, with new people, and new activities will act as a fresh start for Clara. This could be a while new life for her to live, even at the age of 80. Many people still have lots of gumption in them, at that age, and are still looking for companionship, and to be loved. As can be found on a website for seniors, â€Å"The sex need to some people is romance, companionship, and closeness–often the need for actual sex is quite minimal. In other people the need is quite strong. When we lose our spouse, we lose our sexual partner and our feelings can be anything from the desire to shun sex for the rest of our lives to powerful needs, and anything in-between. Sexual feelings after being widowed are quite common and the feelings should not make us feel guilty† (Diehm, 2000) In closing, nothing can prepare anyone for the shock and grief of widowhood, even when we know it is impending. One of the myths of mourning is that is has an ending point, and that if we wait long enough, it will stop hurting. Unfortunately it doesn’t. As we have discussed in this paper, it is important to work through the various phases of grief and it will eventually get better, and we no longer allow it to paralyze us. The important thing is to live our lives to the fullest, and enjoy each day knowing that the person we have lost is with us in our hearts, enjoying each day that we live in their memory. How to cite Widowhood Case Study, Free Case study samples

A Sample Human Dignity and Racial Discrimination Act

Question - Explain why you believe that human dignity is a critical factor ? Answer - Introduction: The main principles of human rights are that all human beings have the freedom of speech and with equal dignity in their rights from their birth. Any kind of discrimination or even persecution on the aspects of race, sex or color and can be termed as a violation of this principle. This racial discrimination can be of the most severe type which may lead to the most brutal and institutional forms of racisms where certain racial or ethnic groups that are restricted from the freedom to any type of civil, political, economic, social and also cultural rights as the various other people of the society (Kateb G. 2011). The term race is defined as a sector of people who have a common ancestry but are different from others in relation to their physical appearance such as the color of their eyes, skin hair type, etc. In international law the term race is used often to distinguish between the different types of people the basis of their language, culture, religion, ethnicity and also their socia l groupings (Langford M. et.al 2013). The term racial discrimination can be defined as any restriction, exclusion or preference that is related to the terms of race, descent, color or origin which aims at impairing the recognition or exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social or cultural field of public life. Therefore racial discrimination is a major problem in the world toady regards to the human rights which include both the lesser section and sometimes even the majority populations. However this struggle the difficulties faced by the ethnic and racial conflict has continued over a long period of time which also faced the worst ethnic conflicts that the world ever experienced. Hence in the later paragraphs two main perspectives are explained in detail. The first perspective being that very individual has the freedom of speech which is very important and essential for protecting human rights. This is believed because if a person cannot speak freely then they will not be able to draw the attention of the world for fighting against the violation of human rights and dignity (Evans G. 2008). The second perspective explains that all human beings have equal rights to freedom from racial discrimination that cause any harm to the extent that they control an individuals freedom to participate in the society and also not to violate dignity and restrict the law. Perspective 1: This perspective of human rights focuses on the rights that people to seek, obtain and receive information about all the human rights and its violations. The states should make sure that the people are able to peacefully protest, circulate and also publicize the information and help in criticizing the failures of the government to protect and promote these human rights. In a democracy the rights to freedom of expression is extremely crucial as it helps in informing political debate of various information and ideas that are essential for public accountability and also in transparency in the government (Tasioulas J. 2012). This freedom of right of expression involves the freedom to give and take ideas without any state interference. The right to freedom of expression includes written and oral communications, media, public protest, broadcasting and commercial advertising. It also includes certain responsibilities and is restricted in many aspects. This includes the rights to communicate and express oneself in any form that include words, pictures, images and actions through demonstrations (Corradetti, C. 2012). This expression also protects different types of rights that include political expression which include comment on the interest of the public then also in the artistic expression and commercial expression that often raises the legal public debate and concern. Hence to make sure that this debate and freedom of expression is possible there should be the protection for the elements of a free press or media that also include protection of journalistic sources. There would be no meaning to the rights of free expression if they only protected certain types of expression. These limitations that are subjected to the right will protect both the popular as well as the unpopular expression which include freedom of speech. Hence the relation of free expression usually involves restrictions on publications and penalties like crimina lizing speech which required the journalists to reveal their sources and impose few disciplinary measures (Ernst. G. et al 2011). Therefore this freedom of expression also had certain limitations in carrying out its duties and responsibilities which were stated by the law and was necessary and proportionate so as to pursue legal aims that are in the interests of the nations security and also for the public safety. They also help in preventing disorder or crime in the society and also in the protection of health and morals. It also limits the right to protect the image of others which stops providing the information given by the authority to maintain confidence and impartiality of the judiciary as stated by Brems E. (2009). The perspective also argues that the use of human dignity beyond a basic extent does not always provide a very universalistic basis for judicial decision in this context. This states that the level of understanding the process of dignity requires within or across the various jurisdictions. Hence the meaning of dignity varies from jurisdiction to other jurisdiction and the role of human dignity is very essential in the development of human rights and not in providing a content to human rights but by also contributing to methods of human rights interpretation (Gardiner S. 2013). Many reports state that the government argues for an Asian concept of human rights (Etinson, A 2015). The research project also analyses the relationship of cultural values to human rights to provide equal bases for an appropriate appreciation of human rights in the context of Asia. Perspective 2: This perspective of human dignity highlights that every human being has a right to freedom from racial vilification as these can cause major offense even to the extent that they limit a persons freedom to be an active member in society and this is considered to violate human dignity (Crisp. R (2014). The main aim of this act was to explore the challenges that were made for the defenders of freedom of speech of expression by promoting racism through speech. It was clearly mentioned that this collection of the freedom of expression would also restrict the freedom to justify censorship in the interests of the racial inequality and to eliminate racial discrimination. It also highlights that any right to protect such behavior has its concern towards the interest of freedom because when there is racial vilification then people are subject to the torture and harassment which reduces the enjoyment of individual freedom (Henkin L 2009). This in turn has very serious health effects that can be seen for people with the racial vilification (Holder C (2013). The impact of racial abuse can create many physiological symptoms like fear, pulse rate going high and difficulty in breathing. Therefore too much exposure can also result in conditions like hypertension, nightmares, post-traumatic stress disorders and even suicides. It can also be said racism can also cause harm in the modern society because their identity is not because of what they are but also because of their own dignity which is shaped by the people around them. The people who are at the receiving end of the abuse feel more of anger and humiliation and of self re-approach. These victims of racial abuse although might try and resist it start to absorb the feelings of hatred and of inferiority and this in turn leads to the well meaning members of the society to start believing that the victims are not worthy of any form of respect or trust (Hayden P. 2001). There was a later development of a law that became inevitab le of the intellectual and emotional life which came into existence and also made it clear to the people that pain or happiness relied on the physical aspects of life. Many researchers also described how racism was unsafe especially at night or in public places. Hence it also helped in demonstrating the impact that racism had on freedom of speech and highlighted about the Australians that how they enjoyed their freedom to live on a daily basis. Therefore Cruft R. et al (2015) concluded that racism had an impact on the persons self perception in which people began to accept their own qualities of inferiority and how to get their way out in exercising their freedom in a more positive way. There are also few prohibitions that are related to racial discrimination which specify that it is unlawful in nature and they have equal and lawful rights for the access to places and facilities and also to other land, housing and other accommodations. They also have the rights to join trade unions. Therefore the Racial Discrimination Act of 1975 is amended as follows: Section 18C is repealed Section 18B, 18D and 18E are also repealed The following section is inserted. The Government Party Room this morning approved reforms to theRacial Discrimination Act 1975(the Act), which will strengthen the Acts protections against racism, while at the same time removing provisions which unreasonably limit freedomof speech. Therefore it is important to consider human dignity as a means to higher education institutions who continue to identify it as a key value of ethical issues that the students face and how they are often involved in appealing to human dignity and the religious connotations that have come to be associated within them. Nevertheless King J (2012) concluded that there have been many discussions for the concept of human dignity to be removed from ethical discourse as it is of no help. In other words it could be said that dignity is not useful when it leads to dignity talk and also when there is a disagreement about something human beings have to say or something that is seen through human activity where people think is really at a major risk. Also this theory explains the need for understanding human dignity that holds the value of the human person as a multi-dimensional, and who is faced with difficult moral choices through which he or she makes meaning in his or her life. This theory has both descriptive value in helping us to understand why people do certain things and also in helping us evaluate what should be done. The concept of multi-dimensional poverty acknowledges the fact that this concept should extend beyond the economic well being of every individual that also include other aspects like health, education, political and social dimensions and the other relevant issues which are highly important for the overall well being of an individual said Gilabert, P. (2011). Moreover, it will have to demonstrate that the concept offers something more to ethics than any of the individual features. To conclude this section, it must be affirmed that there is a problem. The way in which human dignity is frequently used in contemporary ethical discourse the rise of dignity talk is a problem because it means we are more often faced with unconstructive matches than with clear and constructive ethical statements. Conclusion The concept of human rights provides a framework for dealing with abuses and also in holding government responsible for them. It also refers to the theoretical and practical application of general human rights principles to the people and focuses mainly on the attention on discrimination and social exclusion. Therefore Finnis J (2011). It also recognizes the rights and draws concepts of loyalty by which it also attributes human rights abuse in all the settings of the persons freedom and equality. It also includes the rights to decent work conditions and freedom of association and derives it from universal and inherent human. References Brems, E., 2009. Human Rights: Minimum and Maximum Perspectives,Human Rights Law Review, Corradetti, C. (ed.), 2012.Philosophical Dimensions of Human Rights, New York: Springer. Crisp. R (ed.) 2014.Griffin on Human Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cruft. R., Liao, S and Renzo, M (eds.) forthcoming 2015.Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ernst. G. and Heilinger, J. (eds.), 2011.The Philosophy of Human Rights: Contemporary Controversies, Berlin: De Gruyter 2011. Etinson, A. (ed.), forthcoming 2015.Human Rights: Moral or Political?, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Evans, G., 2008.The Responsibility to Protect, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Evans. M. and Murray, R. (eds.), 2011.The African Charter on Human and People's Rights, 2nd edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Finnis, J., 2011.Natural Law and Natural Rights, 2nd edn., Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gardiner. S. 2013 Human Rights in a Hostile Climate, in Holder C and Reidy, D. (eds.), 2013.Human Rights: The Hard Questions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 211230. Gilabert, P. 2011. Humanist and Political Perspectives on Human Rights,Political Theory39: 439467. Hayden, P. (ed.), 2001.The Philosophy of Human Rights, St. Paul, MN: Paragon Press. Henkin, L., Neuman, G., Orentlicher, D. and Leebron, D. (eds.), 2009.Human Rights, 2nd end., New York: Foundation Press. Holder C. and Reidy .D. (eds.), 2013.Human Rights: The Hard Questions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jacobs. F. and White, R. 2010.The European Convention on Human Rights, 5th edn., Oxford: Clarendon Press. Joseph, S., Schultz, J.,and Castan, M. (eds.), 2013.The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Cases, Materials, and Commentary, 3rd edn., New York: Oxford University Press. Kateb, G., 2011.Human Dignity, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press King, J., 2012.Judging Social Rights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Langford M. et.al.(eds.), 2013.The Millenium Development Goals and Human Rights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Liao M. and Etinson,A. 2012. Political and Naturalistic Conceptions of Human Rights: A False Polemic?,Journal of Moral Philosophy9: 327352. Moyn S., 2010.The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Raz, J., 2010. Human Rights without Foundations in Besson, S., and Tasioulas, J. (eds.),The Philosophy of International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Schabas, W., 2011.An Introduction to the International Criminal Court, 4th edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tasioulas, J., 2012. On the Nature of Human Rights, in Ernst, G. and Heilinger, J. (eds.), 2011. The Philosophy of Human Rights: Contemporary Controversies, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter: 1759